Cerebrovascular assessments to help understand brain-related changes associated with aerobic exercise after stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Atwi ◽  
Michelle Sweeny ◽  
Ellen Cohen ◽  
Andrew D Robertson ◽  
Susan Marzolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Good Medicine ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Intracranial Pulsatility

Evidence suggests exercise is ‘good medicine’ post-stroke, yet consensus is lacking on the time to initiate, type, exertion level, and duration per session. It remains a challenge to identify outcome measures for stroke-exercise trials that are sufficiently sensitive to intervention parameters. Cerebrovascular assessments, namely cerebral blood flow and intracranial pulsatility, are herein discussed as examples of quantitative brain-specific measures that may be useful to monitor exercise-related brain changes and help to guide stroke rehabilitation interventions. Bullets: Cerebral blood flow and arterial stiffness are potential vascular targets for stroke exercise trials.

scholarly journals Altered Arterial Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Young Smokers in Response to One-Bout of Aerobic Exercise: MICE vs. HIIE

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
Jisun Hwang ◽  
Ruda Lee ◽  
Jin-Su Kim ◽  
Moon-Hyon Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Young Smokers

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on arterial stiffness, cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in young smokers.METHODS: Young smokers (23.1 years & 7.2 pack years) were randomly assigned to either MICE (n=5) or HIIE (n=4) group. MICE was implemented at 70% of HRmax for 30 minutes. HIIE was performed at 70% and 90% of HRmax for 24 minutes. Central artery stiffness was assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), augmentation index (AIx) at pre and post-exercise, and 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 24 hours following the exercises. Cerebral blood flow was continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy technique before and during exercise, and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 24 hours following the exercises. Cognitive function was assessed by Stroop Color-Word test at pre-exercise, and 30 minutes and 24 hours following the exercises.RESULTS: There was no significant group by time interaction in cfPWV, AIx, cerebral blood flow (HbO2) level, and cognitive function. Compared with MICE, cfPWV was increased (p=.01) at 30 minutes but AIx was decreased (p=.02) at 1 hour following HIIE. When MICE and HIIE combined, arterial stiffness and cerebral blood flow measures, and cognitive function parameters were improved following even one-bout of exercise (p≤.049). Change in AIx was associated with change in cognitive function at 30 minutes following the exercises (r=.69, p=.06).CONCLUSIONS: Even one-bout of either MIIE or HIIT acutely improves aortic wave reflection, cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in young smokers. The intensity of aerobic exercise does not seem to make meaningful differences in the positive effects on arterial stiffness, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive function in young smokers if both exercises have the same volume.

One-Year Aerobic Exercise Reduced Carotid Arterial Stiffness and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 841-853
Author(s):  
Tsubasa Tomoto ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Benjamin Y. Tseng ◽  
Evan P. Pasha ◽  
Danilo Cardim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Stiffness Index ◽  
One Year

Background: Central arterial stiffness and brain hypoperfusion are emerging risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aerobic exercise training (AET) may improve central arterial stiffness and brain perfusion. Objective: To investigate the effects of AET on central arterial stiffness and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD. Methods: This is a proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial that assigned 70 amnestic MCI patients into a 12-month program of moderate-to-vigorous AET or stretching-and-toning (SAT) intervention. Carotid β-stiffness index and CBF were measured by color-coded duplex ultrasonography and applanation tonometry. Total CBF was measured as the sum of CBF from both the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and divided by total brain tissue mass assessed with MRI to obtain normalized CBF (nCBF). Episodic memory and executive function were assessed using standard neuropsychological tests (CVLT-II and D-KEFS). Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness were measured by peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Results: Total 48 patients (29 in SAT and 19 in AET) were completed one-year training. AET improved VO2peak, decreased carotid β-stiffness index and CBF pulsatility, and increased nCBF. Changes in VO2peak were associated positively with changes in nCBF (r = 0.388, p = 0.034) and negatively with carotid β-stiffness index (r = –0.418, p = 0.007) and CBF pulsatility (r = –0.400, p = 0.014). Decreases in carotid β-stiffness were associated with increases in cerebral perfusion (r = –0.494, p = 0.003). AET effects on cognitive performance were minimal compared with SAT. Conclusion: AET reduced central arterial stiffness and increased CBF which may precede its effects on neurocognitive function in patients with MCI.

Impact of Regular Exercise on Arterial Stiffness and Cerebral Blood Flow in Adults

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Yae Hyun ◽  
◽  
Kyung Mo Oh ◽  
Min Kyung Lee ◽  
Seong Ja Seok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Regular Exercise

Aerobic exercise training increases cerebral blood flow in postmenopausal women

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiko Akazawa ◽  
Youngju Choi ◽  
Asako Miyaki ◽  
Jun Sugawara ◽  
Ryuichi Ajisaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training

Exercise intensity modulates the change in cerebral blood flow following aerobic exercise in chronic stroke

2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (8) ◽  
pp. 2467-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Robertson ◽  
David E. Crane ◽  
A. Saeed Rajab ◽  
Walter Swardfager ◽  
Susan Marzolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Chronic Stroke

Migraine and cerebral blood flow in the general population

Cephalalgia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Loehrer ◽  
Meike W Vernooij ◽  
Aad van der Lugt ◽  
Albert Hofman ◽  
M Arfan Ikram
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Probable Migraine ◽  
Artery Flow ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Stratified Analysis

Introduction Observations that migraine increases risk of cardiovascular disease and ischemic brain changes may suggest sustained vascular differences between migraineurs and controls. In a population-based setting, we compared cerebral blood flow between migraineurs in the attack-free period and controls. Methods Between 2006 and 2008, 2642 participants, aged 45–65, from the Rotterdam Study completed a migraine questionnaire and had complete usable MRI data. Participants were classified into controls (N = 2033), probable migraine (N = 153), or migraine (N = 456). Using 2D phase contrast MRI, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the effect of migraine on total cerebral blood flow (tCBF), parenchymal cerebral blood flow (pCBF), and blood flow in each intracranial arterial using linear regression. Additionally, we performed stratified analysis of subtypes of migraine. Results Compared with controls, migraineurs had higher pCBF (1.07 ml/min/100 ml, 95% CI 0.08; 2.05). In particular, migraineurs had significantly higher blood flow in the basilar artery (4.70 ml/min, 95% CI 0.77; 8.62). Discussion Migraineurs in the attack-free period have higher pCBF, particularly basilar artery flow, compared to controls, supporting the notion of sustained vascular differences between these groups outside of migraine attacks.

scholarly journals Acute Effect of Moderate-intensity Aerobic Exercise on Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Young Adults: Treadmill vs. Cycle Ergometer

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Yejin Kang ◽  
Ruda Lee ◽  
Moon-Hyon Hwang ◽  
Myong-Joo Lim
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Post Exercise

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the acute effects of different types (treadmill vs. cycle) of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in young adults.METHODS: By a randomized crossover study design, ten participants were initially assigned to either treadmill exercise (TE; n=5) or cycle ergometer exercise (CE; n=5) and then they performed the other with seven-day wash-out period. Both exercises were implemented at the target heart rate corresponding to 70% of heart rate reserve for 30 minutes. Cognitive function was assessed by the Stroop Color-Word test at pre- and post-exercise. Cerebral blood flow was continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy technique during rest, cognitive function test (CFT), and exercise.RESULTS: There was a significant group by time interaction in tissue saturation index (TSI) (<i>p</i>=.046). Post-hoc analysis presented that TSI at post-exercise CFT was higher than during exercise in TE (<i>p</i>=.02). In both exercises, TSI at pre-exercise CFT significantly increased compared to the resting value (<i>p</i>=.001). Cerebral oxyhemoglobin level was significantly increased during exercise and at post-exercise CFT compared to the resting value in both exercises (<i>p</i><.001). The reaction time for certain cognitive tasks such as color, word with matched color, word with color interference, and color with word interference was improved after both exercises (<i>p</i><.05).CONCLUSIONS: One-bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise acutely improves cerebral blood flow and cognitive function even in healthy young adults. Exercise types with the same intensity do not seem to make meaningful difference in the positive effects of aerobic exercise.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Physical Activity Level With Arterial Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cognitive Function in Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-536
Author(s):  
Ruda Lee ◽  
Jin-Su Kim ◽  
Eui-Young Lee ◽  
Shin-Young Park ◽  
Moon-Hyon Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Step Counts ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Relationship Of

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship of physical activity level with arterial stiffness, cerebral blood flow, and cognitive function in young adults.METHODS: Forty-six young adults participated in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity levels were assessed for seven consecutive days using accelerometers. To assess arterial stiffness, the carotid–femoral artery pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and augmentation index (AIx) were measured. Cognitive function was assessed using the Stroop Color-Word test, and cerebral blood flow was evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy devices during the cognitive function test.RESULTS: AIx was inversely associated with axis-1 counts, vector magnitude counts, moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA) time, and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) time (r≤-0.31, p≤.04). The AIx adjusted to the heart rate of 75 beats per minute was inversely correlated with axis-1 counts, vector magnitude counts, step counts, MPA time, and MVPA time (r≤-0.33, p≤.03). There was no relationship between cfPWV and physical activity level parameters (r≤0.10, p≥.51). The difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels was positively related to axis-1 counts, step counts, MPA time, and MVPA time (r≥0.31, p≤.04). Regarding cognitive function, the response time for the presented words was negatively associated with step counts (r=-0.42, p<.01) and MPA time (r=-0.29, p=.048), and response time on the presented words with matched color was negatively related to step counts (r=-0.31, p=.04).CONCLUSIONS: More physically active adults are more likely to have lower arterial stiffness, increased brain oxygenation, and better cognitive function, even if they are young and healthy.

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