Significant overestimation of needle surface area estimates based on needle dimensions in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 927-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxing Lin ◽  
D A Sampson ◽  
G Deckmyn ◽  
R Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Image Analyzer ◽  
Actual Surface ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
Digital Scanning ◽  
The Individual

Needle length and width at midpoint are often used to make estimates of needle surface area for conifers. For these estimates, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) fascicles are assumed to be cylindrical; thus, for a two-needle pine, the cross section of a needle within the fascicle is assumed to be hemicylindrical. The objectives of this study were to determine whether these assumptions lead to a good estimate of the actual surface area and how needles vary with tree age and crown position. We used a digital scanning microscope to measure needle width, thickness, and perimeter at 11 positions along 28 needles from different crown positions in different-aged trees and found that they varied with position within the individual needle as well as with tree age and crown position. Needle shape was relatively constant: needle width and perimeter both increased from the base to the needle midpoint and then decreased slightly to the needle tip, but needles were not hemicylindrical and actual perimeters were nearly 12% larger than predicted perimeters. The predicted surface areas based on measurements of width at the needle midpoint and length need to be reduced by 9% to account for the fact that needles taper and are not cylindrical. Furthermore, tree age and crown position must be considered when crown-level estimates are made.Key words: digital image analyzer, light microscope, needle width, needle thickness, needle perimeter, Pinus sylvestris.

The effect of crown position and tree age on resin-canal density in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1257-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxing Lin ◽  
D A Sampson ◽  
R Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Resin Canals

Resin canals are an important taxonomic characteristic in conifers. In this paper we examined within- and between-needle variation of the cross-sectional number of resin canals in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Variation within needles was determined from 12 free-hand sections taken along the whole length of foliage collected from a common crown position. The effect of crown location and tree age on resin-canal density was also examined from the midpoint cross sections of 450 Scots pine needles collected from interior and exterior locations from the top, middle, and bottom of 25 crowns of trees ranging in age from 8 to 70 years. Within-needle resin-canal density varied with needle length. Two resin canals were typical for the basal and the terminal needle cross sections. There were 3.2 and 8.6 resin canals for cross sections taken from 10 and 30% of the needle length from the basal sheath, respectively. Resin-canal density was largest, and relatively constant, between 30 and 80% of the needle length. We found significant differences in the cross-sectional number of needle resin canals, as influenced by crown positions and tree age. Resin-canal density increased with foliage height. Foliage from the top one-third of crowns had significantly more resin canals than foliage from the bottom. Foliage collected from the crown interior (proximal to the stem) had fewer resin canals than samples from the crown edge. Resin-canal density increased from 7.1 to 10.3 as tree age increased from 8 to 70 years. These results suggest that crown position and tree age need to be incorporated into the sampling protocols used to establish species standards in resin-canal density, at least for Scots pine, if meaningful comparisons are to be made.Key words: resin canal, needle age, crown position, needle anatomy, Pinus sylvestris.

The effect of crown position and tree age on resin-canal density in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1257-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxing Lin ◽  
D.A. Sampson ◽  
R. Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Crown Position

scholarly journals Selected physical and mechanical properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood from stands of younger age classes as criteria for rational utilization of timber

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Marcin Pikiński ◽  
Jaroslav Szaban ◽  
Gerda Šilingienė ◽  
Robert Korzeniewicz ◽  
Witold Pazdrowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Quality Coefficient

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood depending on the age of trees, forest site conditions and social class of tree position in the stand. Analyses were based on the determination of specific density and static bending strength, as well as the strength quality coefficient. It was to determine changes in physical and mechanical properties of timber depending on tree age as well as growth conditions reflected in the forest site such as fresh mixed coniferous forests and fresh mixed broadleaved forests. Experimental plots were established in 6 localities with 30, 40 and 60-year-old trees. In each of the stands, a 1-hectare experimental plot was established. Based on the measured DBH and tree height, dimensions of three mean sample trees were calculated, while the classification of social class of tree position in the stand developed by Kraft (1884) was also applied. Analyses were conducted on wood samples with 12% moisture content. Strength tests on wood samples were performed on an Instron 33RH204 universal strength testing machine. A detailed analysis showed properties of pine wood are improved with an increase of tree age in both forest sites. Statistically significant differences were observed for wood density and static bending strength. More advantageous properties were observed for wood of pines from the less fertile forest site, i.e., fresh mixed coniferous forests. Density and static bending strength were markedly determined by tree age and growth conditions. The static bending strength quality coefficient from pines growing in the fresh mixed coniferous forests increased between 30 and 40 years, similarly as it was for the fresh mixed broadleaved forests, while between 40 and 60 years, it deteriorated for the fresh mixed coniferous forests. Wood density from the fresh mixed coniferous forests was by 3% to 7% greater than pines growing in fresh mixed broadleaved forests. In turn, static bending strength of wood from pines growing in fresh mixed coniferous forests was by 4% to 10% greater than trees from the fresh mixed broadleaved forests.  Keywords: Scots pine, wood properties, forest site, Poland

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and differentiation of Pinus sylvestris L. from the IUFRO 1982 provenance trial revealed by AFLP analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1237-1249
Author(s):  
Piotr Androsiuk ◽  
Sylwia Ciaglo-Androsiuk ◽  
Lech Urbaniak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Bulked Dna ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Diversity Studies

DNA markers have become effective tools in genetic diversity studies of forest trees. However, molecular marker analyses are associated with laborious and costly effort. One of the possibilities to overcome these constraints is to analyze bulked samples per population, rather than individual plants. We have used bulked DNA-based AFLP analysis to investigate genetic variations in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) from the IUFRO 1982 provenance trial in K?rnik (western Poland). Four AFLP primer combinations yielded a total of 309 bands, of which 208 (67.31%) were polymorphic. Thirty-six (11.65%) unique alleles were deployed randomly among the populations. Estimated genetic diversity and differentiation was high, as expressed by He = 0.238 and I = 0.356, and by genetic distance values which ranged from 0.154 to 0.363. A geographic pattern of interpopulation differentiation was observed, pointing to the individual character of populations from northeastern Europe. In the light of available data, we discuss the influence of historical migration routes, gene flow and human activity on observed genetic diversity and differentiation of Scots pine in Europe. Our results indicate that the AFLP method applied to DNA templates extracted from bulked leaf samples provides an efficient approach to elucidate genetic diversity and relationships among Scots pine populations.

scholarly journals The use of planimetric surface area in glacier mass-balance calculations: a potential source of errors

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (139) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Jacobsen ◽  
Wilfred H. Theakstone
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Digital Terrain Models ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Actual Surface ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models

AbstractLarge errors in the estimation of glacier ablation and accumulation may arise from the uncritical use of planimetric surface areas in volume calculations based on specific point values. Three-dimensional digital terrain models of glacier surfaces show that the actual surface area is likely to be substantially larger than the planimetric area; with high-resolution digital terrain models, approximations of the true surface area may be as much as 20% larger. The errors are sufficient for questions to be raised about some calculations of water storage in glaciers, because incorrect surface-area values may result in ablation being underestimated substantially. Errors may also be introduced into calculations of radiation-energy inputs to a crevassed glacier surface.

scholarly journals The use of planimetric surface area in glacier mass-balance calculations: a potential source of errors

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (139) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Jacobsen ◽  
Wilfred H. Theakstone
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Digital Terrain Models ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Actual Surface ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models

AbstractLarge errors in the estimation of glacier ablation and accumulation may arise from the uncritical use of planimetric surface areas in volume calculations based on specific point values. Three-dimensional digital terrain models of glacier surfaces show that the actual surface area is likely to be substantially larger than the planimetric area; with high-resolution digital terrain models, approximations of the true surface area may be as much as 20% larger. The errors are sufficient for questions to be raised about some calculations of water storage in glaciers, because incorrect surface-area values may result in ablation being underestimated substantially. Errors may also be introduced into calculations of radiation-energy inputs to a crevassed glacier surface.

Cell morphology, volume, and surface area determinations from multilevel contouring within HVEM micrographs of serial sections and whole-cell mounts

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 588-589
Author(s):  
M. Marko ◽  
A. Leith ◽  
D. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Computer Based

The use of serial sections and computer-based 3-D reconstruction techniques affords an opportunity not only to visualize the shape and distribution of the structures being studied, but also to determine their volumes and surface areas. Up until now, this has been done using serial ultrathin sections.The serial-section approach differs from the stereo logical methods of Weibel in that it is based on the Information from a set of single, complete cells (or organelles) rather than on a random 2-dimensional sampling of a population of cells. Because of this, it can more easily provide absolute values of volume and surface area, especially for highly-complex structures. It also allows study of individual variation among the cells, and study of structures which occur only infrequently.We have developed a system for 3-D reconstruction of objects from stereo-pair electron micrographs of thick specimens.

Identification of endogenous gibberellins, and metabolism of tritiated and deuterated GA4, GA9 and GA20, in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) shoots

1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wang ◽  
C. H. A. Little ◽  
T. Moritz ◽  
P C. Oden
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine
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