Plasticity and allometry of meristem allocation in response to density in three annual plants with different architectures

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1291-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxuan Zhang ◽  
Daowei Zhou ◽  
Yingxin Huang ◽  
Wisdom Japhet ◽  
Dandan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Xanthium Sibiricum ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Meristem Allocation ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Growth And Reproduction ◽  
Plant Plant

An experiment was conducted to investigate plasticity of meristem allocation under intraspecific competition in three annual species ( Xanthium sibiricum Patrin., Datura stramonium L., and Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) with different architectures (monopodial, false dichotomous, and sympodial branching, respectively). There were two density treatments for X. sibiricum and D. stramonium, with plant–plant distances of 7 and 14 cm, and five density treatments for F. esculentum, with plant–plant distances of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm. We recorded meristem fates (inactive, growth, and reproduction) at several developmental stages and at the final developmental stage. Allocation of meristems to reproduction in all three species could be explained by allometric growth (“apparent plasticity”), but meristem allocation patterns to the other functions differed among the species. Allocation of meristems to growth affects and is affected by plant architecture. Our results suggest that vegetative growth is more plastic than reproduction in annual plants.

scholarly journals The genetic interaction of REVOLUTA  and WRKY53  links plant development, senescence, and immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Bresson ◽  
Jasmin Doll ◽  
Francois Vasseur ◽  
Mark Stahl ◽  
Edda von Roepenack-Lahaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Early Developmental

In annual plants, tight coordination of successive developmental events is of primary importance to optimize performance under fluctuating environmental conditions. The recent finding of the genetic interaction of WRKY53 , a key senescence-related gene with REVOLUTA , a master regulator of early leaf patterning, raises the question of how early and late developmental events are connected. Here, we investigated the developmental and metabolic consequences of an alteration of the REVOLUTA  and WRKY53 gene expression, from seedling to fruiting . Our results show that REVOLUTA critically controls late developmental phases and reproduction while inversely WRKY53 determines vegetative growth at early developmental stages. We further show that these regulators of distinct developmental phases frequently, but not continuously, interact throughout ontogeny and demonstrated that their genetic interaction is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA). Moreover, we showed that REVOLUTA  and WRKY53  are keys regulatory nodes of development and plant immunity thought their role in SA metabolic pathways, which also highlights the role of REV in pathogen defence. Together, our findings demonstrate how late and early developmental events are tightly intertwined by molecular hubs. These hubs interact with each other throughout ontogeny, and participate to the interplay between plant development and immunity.

scholarly journals Iron (Fe) Nutrition of Plants

EDIS ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hochmuth
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Fe Nutrition ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Iron is one of 16 essential elements for plant growth and reproduction. Most annual plants have a requirement for Fe on the order of 1 to 1.5 lb Fe per acre, compared with nitrogen (N) at 80 to 200 lb per acre. This 8-page fact sheet provides a detailed basic understanding of soil science and plant physiology for diagnosing and correcting Fe problems in plants and soils. Written by George Hochmuth and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, August 2011. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss555

scholarly journals Effects of High Temperature on Embryological Development and Hormone Profile in Flowers and Leaves of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Płażek ◽  
Aneta Słomka ◽  
Przemysław Kopeć ◽  
Michał Dziurka ◽  
Marta Hornyák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Embryological Development ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Common buckwheat is a valuable crop, mainly due to the beneficial chemical composition of its seeds. However, buckwheat cultivation is limited because of unstable seed yield. The most important reasons for the low yield include embryo and flower abortion. The aim of this work is to verify whether high temperature affects embryological development in this plant species. The experiment was conducted on plants of a Polish cultivar ‘Panda’ and strain PA15, in which the percentage of degenerating embryo sacs was previously determined and amounted to 32% and 10%, respectively. The plants were cultivated in phytotronic conditions at 20 °C (control), and 30 °C (thermal stress). The embryological processes and hormonal profiles in flowers at various developmental stages (buds, open flowers, and wilted flowers) and in donor leaves were analyzed in two-month-old plants. Significant effects of thermal stress on the defective development of female gametophytes and hormone content in flowers and leaves were observed. Ovules were much more sensitive to high temperature than pollen grains in both genotypes. Pollen viability remained unaffected at 30 °C in both genotypes. The effect of temperature on female gametophyte development was visible in cv. Panda but not in PA15 buds. A drastic reduction in the number of properly developed embryo sacs was clear in open flowers at 30 °C in both genotypes. A considerable increase in abscisic acid in open flowers ready for fertilization may serve as a signal inducing flower senescence observed in the next few days. Based on embryological analyses and hormone profiles in flowers, we conclude that cv. ‘Panda’ is more sensitive to thermal stress than strain PA15, mainly due to a much earlier response to thermal stress involving impairment of embryological processes already in the flower buds.

scholarly journals Pollen and anther development malfunction in distylous flowers of Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-569
Author(s):  
Juan Francisco Ornelas ◽  
Judith Márquez-Guzmán ◽  
Mónica Pérez Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Functional Dioecy ◽  
Study Species

Background: Heterostyly is a genetic polymorphism in which flowers differ between individual plants of a species in heights at which stamens and style are reciprocally positioned. In these species, sexual selection theory predicts that different allocation patterns affect the functioning of polymorphism, enabling the evolutionary transition between heterostyly and dioecy. Questions: Because heterostyly can transit into dioecy, does anther/pollen development differ between floral morphs (LS and SS) of P. padifolia? Is pollen/anther development malfunction associated with one morph more than the other? Study species: Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae), a distylous plant. Methods: Tiny floral buds to flowers at anthesis were collected, processed for microphotography, and examined to describe pollen developmental pathways in LS and SS flowers. In addition, we used the TUNEL test to detect programmed cell death. Results: Stages of normal pollen development are fully described and illustrated in LS and SS flowers. Abnormalities due to tapetal degeneration were observed at various developmental stages; at later stages, SS flowers showed more abnormalities than LS flowers. The TUNEL test showed that degeneration was by programmed cell death. Conclusions: Along with previous results of asymmetrical fecundity and pollen transfer of morphs in P. padifolia, our study of pollen development indicates that the SS morph was more prone to lose the male function, though male sterility is far from being complete, which it might be an initial step towards functional dioecy.

Feeding, growth and reproduction of the marine planktonic copepod Temora longicornis Müller

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Harris ◽  
G.-A. Paffenhöfer
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
English Channel ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Inshore Waters ◽  
The Common ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

INTRODUCTIONThe copepod Temora longicornis Miiller is one of the common zooplankton species in the North Sea and adjacent waters. All developmental stages have been recorded throughout the year off the west coast of Sweden, Temora being considered more common in offshore than inshore waters (Eriksson, 1973). In Loch Striven on the west coast of Scotland it was abundant only in summer, living mainly near the surface (Marshall, 1949). Similarly in the English Channel off Plymouth Temora is present mainly during the summer months (Digby, 1950). T. longicornis was found throughout the year in the Northfrisian Waddensea with temperatures ranging from ca. 1–20 °C (K¨nne, 1952).

scholarly journals Differentiation and growth of a growing point until the stage of flower bud appearance in leading common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat varieties in northern Japan

Fagopyrum ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Shinya Kasajima ◽  
Ikumi Yoshimaru ◽  
Hirotake Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Northern Japan

Studies regarding the developmental stage of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) have not been adequately performed despite its importance in studying the yield-determining process. In addition, the difference between common buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) is still unclear. In the present study, the differentiation and growth of the growing point until the stage of flower bud appearance were evaluated in the common buckwheat variety ‘Kitawasesoba’ and the Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Manten-Kirari’, which are the leading buckwheat varieties in Hokkaido, Japan. With some exceptions, the developmental stages of ‘Kitawasesoba’ and ‘Manten-Kirari’ can be distinguished. Thus, leaf primordia, axillary flower bud, and terminal flower bud differentiations and growths were observed. Both the common and Tartary buckwheat varieties did not exhibit large differences in the morphology of the growing point. However, the two varieties showed differences in the rates of differentiation and growth.Received: April 11, 2019; accepted: June 8, 2019Keywords: common buckwheat, developmental stage, growing point, Hokkaido, Tartary buckwheat

Effects of Long-Term Exposures to Copper on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
D. A. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

During a 22-month period, all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to copper (Cu(II)) concentrations ranging from 32.5 to 1.9 μg/liter. The highest concentration decreased survival and growth in adult fish and reduced both number of viable eggs produced and hatchability. Survival, growth, and reproductive success of adults in copper concentrations from 17.4 to 3.4 μg/liter did not differ from the control (1.9 μg/liter). Concentrations of 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter had marked adverse effects on survival and growth of alevins and juvenile fish. Effects of copper on alevins–juveniles from unexposed parents apparently are no different than the effects on alevins–juveniles from parents exposed to copper. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to copper in water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 7.5 fell between 17.4 and 9.5 μg/liter copper. The mean 96-hr TL50 for 14-month-old brook trout exposed to copper was 100 μg/liter, and the application factor, MATC/96-hr TL50, lies between 0.17 and 0.10.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

Electron investigations of rhabdovirus-like particles in mexican bean beetles and crickets

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
J. R. Adams ◽  
G. J Tompkins ◽  
A. M. Heimpel ◽  
E. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Epilachna Varivestis ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Bean Beetle

As part of a continual search for potential pathogens of insects for use in biological control or on an integrated pest management program, two bacilliform virus-like particles (VLP) of similar morphology have been found in the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L. ).Tissues of diseased larvae and adults of E. varivestis and all developmental stages of A. domesticus were fixed according to procedures previously described. While the bean beetles displayed no external symptoms, the diseased crickets displayed a twitching and shaking of the metathoracic legs and a lowered rate of activity.Examinations of larvae and adult Mexican bean beetles collected in the field in 1976 and 1977 in Maryland and field collected specimens brought into the lab in the fall and reared through several generations revealed that specimens from each collection contained vesicles in the cytoplasm of the midgut filled with hundreds of these VLP's which were enveloped and measured approximately 16-25 nm x 55-110 nm, the shorter VLP's generally having the greater width (Fig. 1).

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