Floral nectary structure, nectar production, and carbohydrate composition in theLiliumAsiatic hybrid ‘Trésor’

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Stolar ◽  
Arthur R. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Nectary Structure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Nectar Sugar

Floral nectary structure, nectar production, and carbohydrate composition were compared from petals (“inner tepals”) and sepals (“outer tepals”) of Lilium Asiatic hybrid ‘Trésor’ (Liliaceae). The six nectaries each occupied a narrow furrow bordered by two convergent ridges extending adaxially from the petal and sepal base. Each sepal nectary furrow was shorter and more concealed. In both nectary types, many vascular bundles comprising xylem and phloem supplied 5.5–8 layers of nectariferous parenchyma cells below the epidermis, which lacked stomata. Transmission electron microscopy of sepal nectaries demonstrated that parts of the outer epidermal wall adhered to an intact but uplifted cuticle in nectar-secreting flowers. Both apoplastic and symplastic routes were continuous from the vascular bundles to the nectary epidermis. Starch breakdown from amyloplasts throughout the nectary likely augmented nectar production. Nectar solute concentration from another Asiatic hybrid, ‘Orange Pixie’, was also significantly higher in petals. In ‘Trésor’, significantly more nectar was available from sepals, possibly reflecting reduced evaporation from multiple nectar droplets within the covered nectary furrow. However, for both hybrids, the same quantity of nectar sugar was produced by petals and sepals. Nectar composition from petals and sepals also was alike, in ‘Orange Pixie’ averaging 67/19/14 (= sucrose/fructose/glucose) and 59/25/17, respectively, and in ‘Trésor’ averaging 68/23/10 and 62/27/12, respectively.

scholarly journals The structure of the spur nectary in Dendrobium finisterrae Schltr. (Dendrobiinae, Orchidaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kamińska ◽  
Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Nectar Guides ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secretory Tissue ◽  
The One

To date, the structure of the nectary spur of <i>Dendrobium finisterrae</i> has not been studied in detail, and the present paper compares the structural organization of the floral nectary in this species with the spurs of other taxa. The nectary spur of <i>D. finisterrae</i> was examined by means of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is composed of a single layer of secretory epidermis and several layers of small and compactly arranged subepidermal secretory cells. The secretory cells have thick cellulosic cell walls with primary pits. The secretory tissue is supplied by vascular bundles that run beneath in ground parenchyma and are additionally surrounded by strands of sclerenchymatous fibers. The flowers of the investigated species displayed morphological features characteristic of bee-pollinated taxa, as they are zygomorphic, creamy-green coloured with evident nectar guides. They also emit a weak but nice scent. However, they possess some characters attributed to bird-pollinated flowers such as a short, massive nectary spur and collenchymatous secretory tissue that closely resembles the one found in the nectaries of certain species that are thought to be bird-pollinated. This similarity in anatomical organization of the nectary, regardless of geographical distribution and phylogeny, strongly indicates convergence and appears to be related to pollinator-driven selection.

Collenchyma in Panicum maximum (Poaceae): localisation and possible role

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elder A. S. Paiva ◽  
Sílvia R. Machado
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Transition Area ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Phases Of Development

This work relates the occurrence and distribution of collenchyma in Panicum maximum Jacq. P.�maximum leaves were collected at different phases of development and sampled from both the base of the sheath and from the sheath–leaf blade transition area. For the stems, the study was made by using hand-cut sections of the internodal base. In the leaves, analyses of serial sections showed, at the base and sheath–leaf blade transition area, a sudden change of tissue at vascular bundle. The vascular bundles are surrounded by sclerenchyma, both in the sheath and the leaf blade, as well as by fibrous threads that occur on the adaxial side of the central bundles. However, at the base of the sheath and at the sheath–leaf blade transition area, sclerenchyma was substituted for collenchyma. In the stem, the substitution of sclerenchyma associated with vascular bundles for collenchyma occurs at the base of the internode, in the pulvinus region. The analyses from transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of lamellated cell wall and active protoplast in collenchyma cells.

scholarly journals Comparative structure of the osmophores in the flowers of Stanhopea graveolens Lindley and Cycnoches chlorochilon Klotzsch (Orchidaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Antoń ◽  
Magdalena Kamińska ◽  
Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Scent Glands ◽  
Euglossine Bees ◽  
Dense Cytoplasm ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Comparative Structure

The structure of the osmophores in <i>Stanhopea graveolens</i> and <i>Cycnoches chlorochilon</i> was studied by means of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The scent glands are located in the basal part of the labellum. The surface of the osmophores is wrinkled or rugose, which increases the area of fragrance emission. On the surface of the epidermis, remnants of secretion are noticeable in <i>S. graveolens</i>, but these are absent in <i>C. chlorochilon</i>. The osmophore tissue is composed of secretory epidermal cells and several layers of subepidermal parenchyma, and it is supplied by vascular bundles that run in ground parenchyma. The secretory cells have large nuclei, a dense cytoplasm with numerous ER profiles, lipid droplets, and plastids with a substantial amount of starch, which are probably involved in the synthesis of volatile substances. In the cell walls of the osmophore cells, numerous pits with plasmodesmata occur that are likely to take part in symplastic transport of the scent compounds. The structure of the osmophores is similar in both investigated species. Both <i>S. graveolens</i> and <i>C. chlorochilon</i> are pollinated by euglossine bees, and such similarity results from adaptation to effective scent emission and attraction of pollinators.

scholarly journals The morphology and ultrastructure of the nectaries of marrow (Cucurbita pepo L. convar. giromontiina)

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Dmitruk ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Nectariferous Tissue ◽  
Female Flowers ◽  
Size And Structure

The present study investigated the size and structure of the nectaries in flowers of marrow – <em>Cucurbita pepo </em>convar.<em> giromontiina </em>cv. ‘Weiser Busch’. The diameter and thickness of nectariferous layer were compared in female and male flowers of this taxon. The micromorphology as well as the anatomical and ultrastructural characters of the nectary from the female flower were observed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The density and size of stomata of the nectary epidermis from both types of flowers were examined using light microscopy. The nectaries in female flowers were found to have a larger size than in male flowers. The stomata occurring in the nectary epidermis of both types of flowers have a similar size and density. We observed that nectar was released onto the surface of the nectary not only via the stomata, but also through the walls of the epidermal cells. In TEM examination, large nuclei, different-shaped plastids, ER tubules, dictyosomes, and ribosomes were observed in the nectariferous tissue cells. A large number of mitochondria accompanying the plastids were found in the parenchyma cells of the nectary. The degradation of the nectary parenchyma cells in the flowers living for about 6 hours was asynchronous.

scholarly journals Morphological characters of the flowers and the structure of the nectaries of Acer platanoides L.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Aneta Sulborska
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Energy Material ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Good Exposure ◽  
Scanning Electron

The micromorphology of the nectaries and of other elements of the flower was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anatomy of the nectaries was determined using light microscopy (LM). The inflorescences of <i>A. platanoides</i> comprise flowers included in two categories: functionally male and female. Nectaries of similar structure are found in both types of these flowers. The nectary gland located on the surface of the receptacle belongs to interstaminal nectaries. It has the form of a fleshy ring situated between the petals and the pistil. The bases of the staminal filaments are located in the depressions of the nectary. The outer diameter of the nectary reaches ca. 5 mm, while the thickness of this gland's tissues is 400-700 μm. In the epidermis of the nectary gland, there are numerous, evenly distributed stomata through which nectar release occurs. The stomata function asynchronously. In some stomata, we could observe nectar drops flowing out and a layer of this secretion around the stomata. The secretory parenchyma of the nectary is composed of several layers of thick-walled cells, whereas the ends of the vascular bundles with xylem and phloem elements are situated in the subglandular parenchyma. Chloroplasts are found both in the epidermal cells and in the glandular parenchyma cells and photosynthesis can take place in them due to the nectary's good exposure to light. The presence of starch grains was found in the chloroplasts; they can be energy material for nectar production.

Light and electron microscopy localization of chloride ions in cells of Salicornia pacifica var. utahensis

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1176-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Hess ◽  
D. J. Hansen ◽  
D. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Silver Acetate ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
In Cells

Light and electron microscopy was used to determine the distribution of chloride ions in cells and tissues of Salicornia pacifica Standl, var. utahensis (Tidestrom) Munz. Chlorenchyma cells with chloroplasts around the periphery and sclereid-like cells with distinct wall thickenings which extended from the anastomosing vascular system to near the epidermis were present in the cortex. The vascular bundles or stelar strands were surrounded by several layers of large parenchyma cells. Tissues were treated with silver acetate for silver chloride precipitation. Silver chloride precipitation sites were present in all cell types. Precipitation sites were readily evident in the vacuoles but not in other organelles.

scholarly journals Structure of nectaries of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Agata Konarska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Nectariferous Tissue ◽  
Scanning Electron

The structure of floral nectary of <i>Malus sylvestris</i> was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Nectaries in <i>M. sylvestris</i> flowers were situated on the adaxial surface of the receptacle, between the style and the base of filaments. The middle part of the nectary was covered epidermal cells with striated cuticle. The remaining part of the nectary was covered with smooth cuticle. Open and modified nectarostomata were situated at the same level as epidermal cells. The nectariferous tissue was formed by densely packed small parenchyma cells (secretory cells) with dark protoplasts.

Tem Study of Wound-Induced Vessel Occlusions in European Ash (Fraxinus Excelsior L.)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Schmitt ◽  
Hans Georg Richter ◽  
Claudia Muche
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
European Ash

Vessel occlusions in branches of Fraxinus excelsior L. were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. The vessel occlusions are formed by exudates released from adjacent ray and axial parenchyma cells through the intact pit membranes. Initial stages mostly display balloon- like structures protruding from the pit aperture into the vessellumen. These inclusions possess a very electron dense outer membrane and dispersed exudates in their interior. Therefore, the vessel occlusions in F. excelsior do not represent true tyloses.

scholarly journals Micromorfología de los foliolos de pejibaye Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) var. Diamantes-10

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethel Sánchez-Chacón ◽  
Olman Alvarado-Rodríguez ◽  
Alexander Rodríguez-Arrieta ◽  
Luis Gómez-Alpízar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Bactris Gasipaes ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Anatomical Difference

Bactris gasipaes is widely cultivated for the consumption of palm hearts and fruits. The present work describes the micro morphological characteristics of leaflets from adult plants of B. gasipaes, thornless variety Diamantes-10, collected in the Diamantes Experimental Station in Guápiles, Costa Rica. We collected 25 leaflets and analyses were performed with a combination of microscopy techniques: light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to study their structure. Our results showed that leaflets have abundant epicuticular wax on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Analyses from the epidermis indicated that it is composed of isodiametric cells, and it is also evident that hypodermis cells have rectangular shape and are larger than the other epidermal cells. We observed stomata on both surfaces, but they were more abundant in the abaxial surface. On the other hand, the epidermis showed the presence of trichomes with three different morphologies. In the parenchyma, cells are large and not well defined, and we observed the presence of astroesclereids, and compact groups of fiber bundles between parenchyma cells. The central vein has several vascular bundles, arranged in a continuous manner, and they are surrounded by sclerotic tissue; some of these fibers presented live protoplasts. All minor veins showed the same anatomy as the central vein. In these veins, the vessel elements of protoxylem and metaxylem showed scalariform ornaments on their walls. Phloem is located towards the adaxial surface of the vein and we observed sieve and companion cells surrounded by fibers and parenchyma cells. The companion cells presented branched plasmodesmata attached to a sieve element, and in these elements we found protein bodies called P-protein. The main anatomical difference in the leaflets of the var. Diamantes-10, compared to the other varieties of B. gasipaes K, is the lack of thorns; the other morphological features seem to be conserved.

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