scholarly journals Morphological characters of the flowers and the structure of the nectaries of Acer platanoides L.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Aneta Sulborska
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Energy Material ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Good Exposure ◽  
Scanning Electron

The micromorphology of the nectaries and of other elements of the flower was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anatomy of the nectaries was determined using light microscopy (LM). The inflorescences of <i>A. platanoides</i> comprise flowers included in two categories: functionally male and female. Nectaries of similar structure are found in both types of these flowers. The nectary gland located on the surface of the receptacle belongs to interstaminal nectaries. It has the form of a fleshy ring situated between the petals and the pistil. The bases of the staminal filaments are located in the depressions of the nectary. The outer diameter of the nectary reaches ca. 5 mm, while the thickness of this gland's tissues is 400-700 μm. In the epidermis of the nectary gland, there are numerous, evenly distributed stomata through which nectar release occurs. The stomata function asynchronously. In some stomata, we could observe nectar drops flowing out and a layer of this secretion around the stomata. The secretory parenchyma of the nectary is composed of several layers of thick-walled cells, whereas the ends of the vascular bundles with xylem and phloem elements are situated in the subglandular parenchyma. Chloroplasts are found both in the epidermal cells and in the glandular parenchyma cells and photosynthesis can take place in them due to the nectary's good exposure to light. The presence of starch grains was found in the chloroplasts; they can be energy material for nectar production.

scholarly journals Flowering, nectar secretion, and structure of the nectary in the flowers of Acer pseudoplatanus L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Dmitruk
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Circular Layer ◽  
Scanning Electron

Flowering and nectar release in <em>Acer pseudoplatanus</em> were investigated between 2011 and 2013. The micromorphology of the floral and nectary elements was observed using a scanning electron microscope and the anatomy of nectaries was examined by light microscopy. The inflorescence of the sycamore was found to contain flowers, which were functionally male or functionally female. The life-span of the former was on average 5 days, whereas the latter lived on average 4 days. Both types of <em>A. pseudoplatanus</em> flowers had yellow-green nectaries with a similar structure. The nectary tissue formed an elliptical or circular layer located on the receptacle surface between the petals and the pistil. The filament bases were located within the nectary recesses but were not fused with this organ. The nectary margins were slightly undulated. The outer diameter of the nectary was in 3.0–3.25 mm and the thickness of the nectary tissue was in the range of 532–1,023 μm. The nectary of the sycamore flower comprised a single layer of epidermal cells and several layers of secretory parenchyma cells. The average depth of epidermal cells was 16.8 μm. The stomata, which were involved in the secretion process, were arranged unevenly on the nectary surface and were surrounded by six–eight epidermal cells. Visible droplets of nectar accumulated on the nectary surface and thus they were easily accessible to insects. The average weight of nectar from 10 flowers was 16.54 mg (range: 11.0–23.75 mg) and the content of sugars in the nectar was found to be in the range of 23.5–50%, with an average of 37.3%. The calculated weight of sugars in the nectar from 10 flowers was on average 6.11 mg and so the average sugar yield from one sycamore tree was estimated to be 0.65 kg.

scholarly journals Revision of the Aphthona cookei species group in Sub-Saharan Africa: pests of Jatropha curcas L. in biodiesel plantations (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)

Entomologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Biondi ◽  
F. Urbani ◽  
P. D’Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Jatropha Curcas L ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Aphthona cookei species-group from Sub-Saharan Africa, comprising some pests of Jatropha curcas L., is herein analyzed and revised. This species-group includes: Aphthona cookei (Gerstaecker, 1871), A. dilutipes Jacoby, 1906, A. nigripes (Allard, 1890), A. thikana Bryant, 1940, A. usambarica Weise, 1902, A. weisei (Jacoby, 1899b), A. whitfieldi Bryant, 1933 and the new species A. namibiana sp. n. from Namibia. The following new synonymies are proposed: Aphthona cookei (Gerstaecker, 1871)=Aphthona weisei abokana Bechyné, 1959 syn. n.; Aphthona dilutipes Jacoby, 1906=Aphthona damarorum Weise, 1914 syn. n.; Aphthona nigripes (Allard, 1890)=Pseudeugonotes vannutellii Jacoby, 1899a syn. n. A key to the species, micrographs of male and female genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of peculiar morphological characters, and distributional and ecological data are supplied. Finally, the results of a discriminant analysis using six morphological characters are also reported.

Revision of the Afrotropical flea beetle genus Serraphula Jacoby and description of Bechynella, a new genus from Western and Central Africa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2444 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURIZIO BIONDI ◽  
PAOLA D’ALESSANDRO
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper a revision of the Afrotropical flea beetle genus Serraphula Jacoby, 1897 is reported. Three species previously attributed to this genus are transferred to the new genus Bechynella gen. n. and the following new combinations are established: Bechynella bohumilae (Bechyné, 1955) comb. n.; Bechynella pallens (Bechyné, 1955) comb. n.; Bechynella sesengensis (Bechyné, 1959) comb. n. The genus Serraphula includes currently 19 species, 16 of which are new to sci-ence: Serraphula aenea Jacoby, 1897; S. elongata Jacoby, 1900; S. puncticollis Bryant, 1944; S. alticola sp. n.; S. audisiana sp. n.; S. bulirschi sp. n.; S. colonnellii sp. n.; S. debiasei sp. n.; S. drakensbergensis sp. n.; S. duplessisi sp. n.; S. grobbelaariae sp. n.; S. monticola sp. n.; S. mpumalangaensis sp. n.; S. natalensis sp. n.; S. oberprieleri sp. n.; S. osellai sp. n.; S. transvaalensis sp. n.; S. uysi sp. n.; S. wittmeri sp. n. Lectotypes for S. aenea, S. elongata and S. puncticollis are designated. A key to all the species is presented as well as line drawings of male and female genitalia, scanning electron micrographs of some diagnostic morphological characters, and autoecological and distributional data.

Floral nectary structure, nectar production, and carbohydrate composition in theLiliumAsiatic hybrid ‘Trésor’

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Stolar ◽  
Arthur R. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Nectary Structure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Nectar Sugar

Floral nectary structure, nectar production, and carbohydrate composition were compared from petals (“inner tepals”) and sepals (“outer tepals”) of Lilium Asiatic hybrid ‘Trésor’ (Liliaceae). The six nectaries each occupied a narrow furrow bordered by two convergent ridges extending adaxially from the petal and sepal base. Each sepal nectary furrow was shorter and more concealed. In both nectary types, many vascular bundles comprising xylem and phloem supplied 5.5–8 layers of nectariferous parenchyma cells below the epidermis, which lacked stomata. Transmission electron microscopy of sepal nectaries demonstrated that parts of the outer epidermal wall adhered to an intact but uplifted cuticle in nectar-secreting flowers. Both apoplastic and symplastic routes were continuous from the vascular bundles to the nectary epidermis. Starch breakdown from amyloplasts throughout the nectary likely augmented nectar production. Nectar solute concentration from another Asiatic hybrid, ‘Orange Pixie’, was also significantly higher in petals. In ‘Trésor’, significantly more nectar was available from sepals, possibly reflecting reduced evaporation from multiple nectar droplets within the covered nectary furrow. However, for both hybrids, the same quantity of nectar sugar was produced by petals and sepals. Nectar composition from petals and sepals also was alike, in ‘Orange Pixie’ averaging 67/19/14 (= sucrose/fructose/glucose) and 59/25/17, respectively, and in ‘Trésor’ averaging 68/23/10 and 62/27/12, respectively.

Taxonomy of Neomuscina Townsend (Diptera, Muscidae) from Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3504 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRE PEREIRA-COLAVITE ◽  
CLAUDIO J. B. DE CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Distributions ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
New Distribution

Neomuscina Townsend includes 41 species distributed throughout the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. Although the genus has a large number of species, it has been ignored and its taxonomy is confusing and has many flaws. In this work we analyzed the following species recorded for Brazil: Neomuscina atincta Snyder, N. atincticosta Snyder, N. capalta Snyder, N. currani Snyder, N. douradensis Lopes & Khouri, N. goianensis Lopes & Khouri, N. inflexa (Stein), N. instabilis Snyder, N. mediana Snyder, N. mimosa Lopes & Khouri, N. neosimilis Snyder, N. nigricosta Snyder, N. paramediana Lopes & Khouri, N. pictipennis pictipennis (Bigot), N. ponti Lopes & Khouri, N. sanespra Snyder, N. schadei Snyder, N. similata Snyder, N. stabilis (Stein), N. transporta Snyder, N. vitoriae Lopes & Khouri and N. zosteris (Shannon & Del Ponte). Neomuscina nigricosta and N. transporta are new distribution records for Brazil. Three new species are described: Neomuscina anajeensis sp. nov. from Anagé (Bahia), Neomuscina maculata sp. nov. from Botelhos (Minas Gerais) and Neomuscina snyderi sp. nov. from Mata de São João (Bahia). An identification key based on the morphological characters of both male and female is provided. Species distributions are discussed and updated, and the number of species now recorded for Brazil is 29.

scholarly journals Morphological Analysis of Several Bamboo Species with Potential Structural Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2126
Author(s):  
Asier Elejoste ◽  
Alfonso Arevalillo ◽  
Nagore Gabilondo ◽  
Amaia Butron ◽  
Cristina Peña-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Dendrocalamus Strictus ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Small Structure ◽  
Density Surface ◽  
Scanning Electron

Bamboo constitutes a family of plants that are very promising and interesting as renewable materials for both large and small structure construction. To be used as an alternative to traditional materials; the understanding of its morphology and mechanical behavior is of crucial importance. As the distribution of fibers and vascular bundles differs for each type of bamboo; several bamboo types have been characterized: Phyllostachys aurea (PA), Arundinaria amabilis (AA) and Dendrocalamus strictus (DS). Morphological analysis has been performed by optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differences in density; surface morphology and wall thickness have been found. In fact; PA and AA have shown a great morphological regularity; while DS presents the greatest thickness; to the point that it can be considered full culm. The plant’s own ducts constitute a very important factor for future impregnations and the optimization of mechanical properties for structure construction.

Scanning electron microscopy of the operculum of Garra lamta (Hamilton) (Cyprinidae:Cypriniformes), an Indian hill stream fish

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Mittal ◽  
Usha Kumari ◽  
Pinky Tripathi ◽  
Ajay Kumar Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Stream Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fish Breeding ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Garra Lamta ◽  
Scanning Electron

The surface architecture of the epidermis on the outer surface of the operculum (OE) and the epithelium on the inner surface of the operculum (EISO) of Garra lamta was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The surface appeared smooth on the OE and wavy on the EISO. A wavy epithelium is considered to facilitate an increase in its stretchability, during the expansion of the branchial chamber. The OE and the EISO were covered by a mosaic pavement of epithelial cells with characteristic patterns of microridges and microbridges. Interspersed between the epithelial cells were mucous goblet cell pores, which were not significantly different in number in the OE and the EISO. Nevertheless, their surface area in the EISO was significantly higher than in the OE. This could be an adaptation to secrete higher amounts of mucus on the EISO for keeping the branchial chamber lining clean, avoiding clogging, the increased slipperiness reducing friction from water flow and increased efficiency in protecting against microbial attachments. Rounded bulges on the OE and the EISO were associated with mucous goblet cells. The absence of the taste buds in the EISO, in contrast to the OE, suggests that their function in the branchial chamber may not be of much significance in this fish. Breeding tubercles on the OE are believed to facilitate better contact between the male and female during breeding.

Differential nectar production between male and female flowers in a wild cucurbit: Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ashworth ◽  
Leonardo Galetto
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Nectar Sugar Composition ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

In dioecious and monoecious plants that depend on animal vectors for reproduction, pollinators have to be attracted to male and female flowers for pollination to be effective. In the monoecious Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, male flowers are produced in greater quantity, are spatially more exposed to pollinators and offer pollen in addition to nectar as floral rewards. Nectar traits were compared between male and female flowers to determine any differences in the characteristics of the main reward offered to pollinators. Nectar chemical composition and sugar proportions were similar between flower types. Total nectar sugar production per female flower was threefold higher than per male flower, and nectar removal did not have any effect on total nectar production in both flower morphs. Pollinators reduced nectar standing crops to similar and very scarce amounts in both flower types. Results indicate indirectly that pollinators are consuming more nectar from female flowers, suggesting that the higher nectar production in female flowers may be a reward-based strategy to achieve the high female reproductive output observed in this species.Key words: Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana, nectar production, nectar sugar composition, removal effects, standing crop.

Taxonomic application of macro and micro morphological characters of seeds in Astragalus L. (Galegeae, Fabaceae) in India

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-207
Author(s):  
SHIVANI KASHYAP ◽  
CHANDAN KUMAR SAHU ◽  
ROHIT KUMAR VERMA ◽  
LAL BABU CHAUDHARY
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scanning Electron

Due to large size and enormous morphological plasticity, the taxonomy of the genus Astragalus is very complex and challenging. The identification and grouping of species chiefly based on macromorphological characters become sometimes difficult in the genus. In the present study, the micromorphology of the seeds of 30 species belonging to 14 sections of Astragalus from India has been examined applying scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with light microscopy (LM) to evaluate their role in identification and classification. Attention was paid to colour, shape, size and surface of seeds. The overall size of the seeds ranges from 1.5–3.2 × 0.8–2.2 mm. The shape of the seeds is cordiform, deltoid, mitiform, orbicular, ovoid and reniform. The colour of seeds varies from brown to blackish-brown to black. Papillose, reticulate, ribbed, rugulate and stellate patterns were observed on the seed coat surface (spermoderm) among different species. The study reveals that the seed coat ornamentations have evolved differently among species and do not support the subgeneric and sectional divisions of the genus. However, they add an additional feature to the individual species, which may help in identification in combination with other macro-morphological features.

Gynandromorphs and intersexes: potential to understand the mechanism of sex determination in arthropods

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Pereira ◽  
Satoko Narita ◽  
Daisuke Kageyama ◽  
Finn Kjellberg
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Double Fertilization ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Phenotype ◽  
Laboratory Populations

AbstractArthropods are sexually dimorphic. An arthropod individual usually differentiates into a male or a female. With very low frequencies, however, individuals with both male and female morphological characters have repeatedly been found in natural and laboratory populations of arthropods. Gynandromorphs (i.e., sexual mosaics) are genetically chimeric individuals consisting of male and female tissues. On the other hand, intersexes are genetically uniform (i.e., complete male, complete female or intermediate in every tissue) but all or some parts of their tissues have either a sexual phenotype opposite to their genetic sex or an intermediate sexual phenotype. Possible developmental processes (e.g., double fertilization of a binucleate egg, loss of a sex chromosome or upregulation/downregulation of sex-determining genes) and causal factors (e.g., mutations, genetic incompatibilities, temperatures or endosymbionts) for the generation of gynandromorphs and intersexes are reviewed and discussed.

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