THE TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE WHEATS, BARLEYS, AND RYES AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wray M. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Hybrid Complex ◽  
Allohexaploid Wheat ◽  
Botanical Varieties

The correct name for the tribe that contains the wheats, barleys, and ryes and their wild relatives is TRITICEAE Dumort. The genus Triticum L. emend. is treated to include both the diploid, allotetraploid, and allohexaploid wheats (Triticum L.), and the diploid species and the allotetraploid and allohexaploid species of interspecific hybrid origin that were formerly placed in the genus Aegilops L. In the geuus Triticum L. emend., there are 10 diploid species; one allotetraploid wheat species of hybrid origin (T. turgidum L. emend.) which includes many cultivars, three botanical varieties, and one auto-allohexaploid form; one allohexaploid wheat (T. × aestivum L. emend.) which is a hybrid complex that includes many cultivars; 10 other allotetraploid or allohexaploid species of interspecific hybrid origin; and numerous other artificial and natural interspecific hybrids. Section HORDEUM of the genus Hordeum L. contains the cultivated barleys and their wild relatives which are all classified under one species, H. vulgare L. emend. The taxonomy of the ryes and the genus Secale L. is considered briefly.

scholarly journals Development of Interspecific Hybrids between a Cultivated Eggplant Resistant to Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) and Eggplant Wild Relatives for the Development of Rootstocks

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1405
Author(s):  
Mohamed Rakha ◽  
Ahmed Namisy ◽  
Jaw-Rong Chen ◽  
Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk ◽  
Elmahdy Metwally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacerum is one of the most economically and destructive eggplant diseases in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The objectives of this study were to develop interspecific hybrids, as potential rootstocks, between the eggplant (Solanum melongena) bacterial wilt resistant line EG203 and four wild accessions (S. incanum UPV1, S. insanum UPV2, S.anguivi UPV3, and S. sisymbriifolium UPV4), and to evaluate interspecific hybrids along with parents for resistance to bacterial wilt strains Pss97 and Pss2016. EG203 was crossed successfully with wild accessions UPV2 and UPV3 and produced viable seeds that germinated when wild accessions were used as a maternal parent in the crosses. In addition, viable interspecific hybrids between EG203 and UPV1 were obtained in both directions of the hybridization, although embryo rescue had to be used. Hybridity was confirmed in the four developed interspecific hybrid combinations with three SSR markers. EG203 was resistant to both strains Pss97 and Pss2016, while UPV1 and UPV3 were, respectively, resistant and moderately resistant to Pss2016. The four interspecific hybrids with UPV2, UPV3, and UPV1 were susceptible to both bacterial wilt strains, indicating that the resistance of EG203, UPV1, and UPV3 behaves as recessive in interspecific crosses. However, given the vigor of interspecific hybrids between eggplant and the three cultivated wild species, these hybrids may be of interest as rootstocks. However, the development of interspecific hybrid rootstocks resistant to bacterial wilt will probably require the identification of new sources of dominant resistance to this pathogen in the eggplant wild relatives.

scholarly journals Hepatica transsilvanica Fuss (Ranunculaceae) is an Allotetraploid Relict of the Tertiary Flora in Europe – Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Levente Laczkó ◽  
Gábor Sramkó
Keyword(s):  
Parental Species ◽  
Gene Tree ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Quaternary Glaciation ◽  
Eastern Carpathians

The <em>Hepatica </em>section <em>Angulosa </em>consists of mainly tetraploid (2<em>n </em>= 28) species that are distributed disjunctly throughout Eurasia. Karyological evidence proves the hybrid origin of the polyploid species of this section. <em>Hepatica transsilvanica </em>is a member of this species group with a conspicuous distribution restricted to the Eastern Carpathians. Based on genome size and cytotypes, the paternal parent of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>is described to be the only diploid species in section <em>Angulosa</em>, <em>H. falconeri</em>. The maternal species is hypothesized to be <em>H. nobilis</em>, a European species with entirely lobed leaves and a wider distribution area. Although the hybrid origin of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>is well documented by karyological evidence, the time of hybridization has never been studied. By using sequences of both the nuclear and plastid genome, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>and its parental species. The identity of the parental species is corroborated by discordant gene tree topologies of the nrITS and plastid sequences. Moreover, both gene copies of the parental species could be identified with the low-copy nuclear gene, <em>MLH1</em>. Divergence dating analysis using Bayesian phylogenetic methods strongly supported the long-term survival of <em>H. transsilvanica </em>in the Southeastern Carpathians, as the most recent common ancestor of the hybrid and parent species existed not later than the beginning of the Pleistocene, ca. 3 million years ago. These results not only highlight the biogeographic importance of the Southeastern Carpathians in the Quaternary glaciation periods, but also emphasize that Tertiary lineages could have survived in a Central European cryptic refugium.

Flavor Profiles of Wild Species-Derived Peanut Breeding Lines

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
H. E. Pattee ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Important Quality

Abstract Several diploid wild species of the genus Arachis L. have been used as sources of resistance to common diseases of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Because flavor is among the most important quality attributes for commercial acceptance of roasted peanuts, sensory attributes of interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines were evaluated to determine if transfer of disease resistance from wild species is associated with concomitant changes in flavor. Sixteen interspecific hybrid derivatives with five diploid species in their ancestries and the commercial flavor standard, NC 7 were evaluated for sensory quality. Significant variation among entries was found for the roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter sensory attributes, but not for the overall contrast between NC 7 and the wild species-derived breeding lines. The variation was either between two groups of wild species-derived breeding lines or within one or both groups. Introduction of disease and pest resistance traits from Arachis species did not result in degradation or improvement of the flavor profile. This suggests that flavor of wild species-derived germplasm will not prevent its use either as parents in peanut breeding programs or as cultivars.

scholarly journals Line × Tester Analysis for Morphological and Fruit Biochemical Traits in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Using Wild Relatives as Testers

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
General Combining Ability ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Positive Heterosis

Wild relatives of eggplant are commonly exploited for eggplant improvement, but the genetic improvement relies on the information of the genetic basis of inheritance of traits. In this study, two eggplant lines, one with oriental and another with occidental cytoplasm, were crossed with four testers representing three wild species, namely, Solanum insanum, S.anguivi, and S. lichtensteinii. The Line × Tester cross produced a total of eight interspecific hybrids. Parents and their hybrids were evaluated for 3 biochemical, 12 morphological, and 8 Tomato Analyzer-based descriptors. A significant amount of variation was noticed for all 23 traits studied. The higher values for the specific combining ability (SCA) component were determined as compared to the general combining ability (GCA) component. The testers were more significant for most of the traits than the cultivated varieties. Positive heterosis was determined for the 12 characteristics and negative heterosis for the 11 attributes. Overall, S.anguivi, and S. lichtensteinii were better for the biochemical traits’ improvement, whereas S. insanum was a better tester for the morphological traits.

Evidence for genetic suppression of heterogenetic chromosome pairing in polyploidy species of Solanum, sect. Petota

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Diploid Hybrid ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Suppression ◽  
Solanum Sect ◽  
Paradoxical Results

Data on chromosome pairing in haploids and interspecific hybrids of Solanum, sect. Petota reported in the literature were used to determine whether the diploidlike chromosome pairing that occurs in some of the polyploid species of the section is regulated by the genotype or brought about by some other mechanism. The following trends emerged from these data. Most of the polyploid × polyploid hybrids had high numbers of univalents, which seemed to indicate that the polyploid species were constructed from diverse genomes. Haploids, except for those derived from S. tuberosum, had incomplete chromosome pairing. All hybrids from diploid × diploid crosses had more or less regular chromosome pairing, which suggested that all investigated diploid species have the same genome. Likewise, hybrids from polyploid × diploid crosses had high levels of chromosome pairing. These paradoxical results are best explained if it is assumed that (i) the genotypes of most polyploid species, but not those of the diploid species, suppress heterogenetic pairing, (ii) that nonstructural chromosome differentiation is present among the genomes of both diploid and polyploid species, and (iii) the presence of the genome of a diploid species in a polyploid × diploid hybrid results in promotion of heterogenetic pairing. It is, therefore, concluded that heterogenetic pairing in most of the polyploid species is genetically suppressed.

Comparison of Virginia-Type Peanut Cultivars and Interspecific Hybrid Derived Breeding Lines for Leaf Spot Resistance, Yield, and Grade

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Spots

Abstract Disease resistant cultivars with good quality are needed by U.S. peanut growers to lower production costs. In the Virginia-Carolina (V-C) production area, use of resistant cultivars to reduce leaf spots would be a cost-effective and environmentally safe alternative to chemical applications. Twenty-six interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines with 5 Arachis species in their pedigrees, six resistant A. hypogaea checks and 11 susceptible cultivars were evaluated for leaf spot resistance in field tests at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston, NC from 2004 to 2006 without leaf spot fungicides. Defoliation was rated on a 1–9 proportional scale with 1  =  no defoliation (resistant) and a 9  =  complete defoliation (susceptible). The mean defoliation score of the cultivars was 6.8±0.1 (range  =  6.4 to 7.4), compared to 5.3±0.1 (range  =  4.4 to 6.3) for the interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines. Some of the interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines showed levels of leaf spot resistance similar to the resistant A. hypogaea checks (mean  =  4.3±0.2), suggesting that these breeding lines contain genes conditioning resistance to the leaf spots. The combined mean yield of the cultivars was 2709±103 kg/ha (range  =  2296 kg/ha to 3070 kg/ha), whereas that of the interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines was 3169±119 kg/ha (range  =  2467 kg/ha to 3767 kg/ha). Evaluation of selected grade characteristics showed that several interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines have grade similar to those of the commercial cultivars. Sixteen of the 26 interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines with five different diploid species in their pedigrees and NC 7, the commercial flavor standard for the V-C area, were also evaluated for sensory quality. No significant variation among test entries was found for the roasted peanut, sweet, or bitter sensory attributes. This suggests that high levels of leaf spot resistance can be combined with superior yield, grade and other quality factors and that some of these lines may become useful for commercial production in the V-C area.

scholarly journals Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4499 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW V. Z. BROWER
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Alternative Facts ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Alternative Species ◽  
Genomic Introgression

Mallet et al. (2007 BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 28) employed a database of putative interspecific hybrid specimens of the genus Heliconius to advance a hypothesis of "the species boundary as a continuum." Here, each of those specimens, as well as subsequently documented specimens, is individually reassessed regarding its phenotype, potential parentage and chain of custody in collections. Using a quantified scale of reliability, most of the specimens are interpreted differently than Mallet et al.'s identifications, and the actual number of interspecific hybrids is estimated to be much smaller than they proposed. To be specific, of 163 putative hybrid specimens examined, 11% suffered from ambiguous identity, 5% from confounding issues with their data labels, 50% were arguably intraspecific (depending upon alternative species concepts), and 22% were almost certainly reared, commercial specimens. Only eleven of the specimens meet the criteria established here to be legitimate and reliable interspecific hybrids, and all of those are between closely-related species. This result has potentially important implications for current hypotheses of frequent genomic introgression of wing pattern alleles among Heliconius clades. 

Evidence for the presence of an intercontinental genome in the Australian hexaploid alliance of Hibiscus Sect. Furcaria

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
MY Menzel ◽  
DW Martin
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South America ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
New World ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Data Support ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Genomes of the G group in Hibiscus sect. Furcaria have been found previously in one African diploid species and in various ailoploid combinations in Africa, India and Sri Lanka, North and South America and the Hawaiian Islands. Study of 11 interspecific hybrids between the Australian species H. heterophyllus and H. splendens and G-genome testers indicates that genomes somewhat related to the G group are present in the Australian allohexaploid alliance. These genomes are designated G′. Several of the intercontinental hybrids studied were weak, inviable or morphologically abnormal. The data support the interpretation that the genomes of the Australian alliance have diverged more from African and New World genomes than the latter two have from each other.

Cytoplasmic male sterility in Desmodium

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
KS McWhirter
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Pollen Sterility ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Genetic Stocks

A type of male sterility found in two Desmodium plants of probably interspecific hybrid origin was cytoplasmically inherited. The cytoplasmic male-sterile character was incorporated in the tropical legume Desmodium sandwicense by backcrossing. In this genetic background pollen sterility was complete. The male-sterile character was not graft-transmissible, and it produced no detectable pleiotropic effects on growth and development. Desmodium intortum gave restoration of pollen fertility in Fl hybrids with male-sterile lines of D. sandwicense. Restored F1 hybrids produced apparently normal pollen, but tests of functional ability of the pollen disclosed that pollen fertility was less than that of Fl hybrids with normal cytoplasm. Incomplete restoration of fertility was not due to heterozygosity of fertility-restoring genes with gametophytic expression, since fertility-restoring genes were shown to act sporophytically. The results established the occurrence in the legume Desmodium of a system of determination of the male-sterile, fertility-restored phenotypes that is similar to the cytoplasmic male sterility systems described in many other angiosperm plants. A scheme utilizing the genetic stocks produced in this study for commercial production of the interspecific hybrid D. sandwicense x D. intortum as a cultivar is presented.

scholarly journals Methylation, Transcription, and Rearrangements of Transposable Elements in Synthetic Allopolyploids

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beery Yaakov ◽  
Khalil Kashkush
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Wheat Genome ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Noncoding Sequences ◽  
Genomic Stress ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Allohexaploid Wheat

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute over 90% of the wheat genome. It was suggested that “genomic stress” such as hybridity or polyploidy might activate transposons. Intensive investigations of various polyploid systems revealed that allopolyploidization event is associated with widespread changes in genome structure, methylation, and expression involving low- and high-copy, coding and noncoding sequences. Massive demethylation and transcriptional activation of TEs were also observed in newly formed allopolyploids. Massive proliferation, however, was reported for very limited number of TE families in various polyploidy systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulated data on genetic and epigenetic dynamics of TEs, particularly in synthetic allotetraploid and allohexaploid wheat species. In addition, the underlying mechanisms and the potential biological significance of TE dynamics following allopolyploidization are discussed.

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