SEROLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUSES: NON-VIRUS PARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Willison ◽  
J. H. Tremaine ◽  
M. Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Yellow Virus ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Virus Isolates

Cherry yellow virus, isolates Y.2 and Y.4, and necrotic ring spot virus, isolates N.4 and N.5, purified either from cucumber leaves or from sour cherry petals, were characterized by antigenically related particles that sedimented at approximately 72 S. Some preparations of each virus derived from either host also contained either a 35 S or a 22 S component usually having a low nucleic acid content. Such preparations were shown by the agar gel double-diffusion technique to contain two antigens, V and Q, that were only distantly, if at all, related. The 72 S component is associated with the V antigen, whereas the 22 S and 35 S components are tentatively considered to be two forms of the Q antigen. The Q antigen could also be detected in clarified expressed sap of infected cucumber tissue, but not in that of healthy cucumber nor in extracts prepared from healthy sources by methods used to purify the viruses. The Q antigen is thus associated with infection, but its origin has not yet been satisfactorily determined.

SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUS ISOLATES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Tremaine ◽  
R. S. Willison
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Cucumber Plant ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Concentrated extracts of petals from trees infected with stone-fruit virus diseases, and of cucumber plants inoculated with viruses isolated from these trees, were tested serologically by the gel-diffusion technique with antisera prepared by injection of petal and cucumber plant preparations into rabbits. An antigen, antigen Q, was detected in two yellows, latent and recurrent necrotic ring spot, two green ring mottle isolates from sour cherry, a prune dwarf isolate, two tatter leaf of sweet cherry isolates, and isolates from latent infections of plum and peach. Another antigen, the V antigen, was detected in all the isolates with the exception of a latent necrotic ring spot isolate. A third antigen, antigen P, was detected only in the two yellows, recurrent necrotic ring spot, two green ring mottle isolates from sour cherry, a prune dwarf isolate, and two tatter leaf isolates from sweet cherry. Some differences between the Q antigens in certain isolates were demonstrated, but the V antigens differed little from isolate to isolate. The recurrent necrotic ring spot isolate was shown to contain at least two distinct viruses and the P antigen was associated with one of these viruses.

EFFECTS OF NECROTIC RING SPOT AND SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF YOUNG SOUR CHERRY TREES

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Davidson ◽  
J. A. George
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Block Experiment ◽  
Cherry Trees

In a randomized block experiment sour cherry trees were infected at 1, 2, 4, or 6 years of age with either the necrotic ring spot virus (NRSV) or the sour cherry yellows virus (SCYV) or with both. Tree growth was retarded by both viruses but the effects of SCYV were most severe. A marked retardation of the growth rate following SCYV infection persisted for two to five years depending on the age of the tree when infected. The growth rate of trees infected with both viruses was very similar to that for trees with SCYV only and indicates the predominance of this virus in these combinations. NRSV alone caused a slight reduction in growth rate but there was never an abrupt effect.Because the effects of SCYV on growth and tree form were severe, yields were very low. NRSV caused only a 10 to 30% reduction in growth but the reduction in yield varied from 36 to 56%. Hence the effects of NRS may be of more economic importance than the relatively minor reductions in growth have indicated.

CROSS PROTECTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUSES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Willison
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Synergistic Response ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Virus Strains

One-year-old virus-free sour cherry trees of the variety Montmorency were inoculated singly with buds from different source trees infected with sour cherry yellows, necrotic ring spot, prune dwarf, and tatter leaf respectively. The infections thus established in the test trees were later challenged by inoculation with isolates from different sources. Conspicuous recurrent symptoms occurred when infection from a tatter leaf isolate was challenged by either of two necrotic ring spot virus strains, but not when the order of challenge was reversed. These symptoms are interpreted as a synergistic response to infection by two viruses, one from each source, within a limited range of interaction. Trees previously infected with necrotic ring spot when reinoculated with cherry yellows isolates showed symptoms of cherry yellows, usually preceded by secondary shock. The reciprocal challenges, on the other hand, induced no symptoms of necrotic ring spot, probably because each of the cherry yellows sources carried a strain of the necrotic ring spot virus. There were indications, however, of interference between the two viruses. Infection with the prune dwarf virus did not protect against subsequent infection with the cherry yellows virus. Mixed infections with the necrotic ring spot and prune dwarf viruses did not cause cherry yellows.

SYMPTOMS OF SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS AND NECROTIC RING SPOT IN RELATION TO TIME OF INOCULATION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Davidson ◽  
J. A. George
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Patterns ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Rate Of Movement ◽  
Cherry Trees

Each month throughout the growing seasons of 1954 and 1955 two pairs of virus-free Montmorency sour cherry trees were inoculated by budding or patch grafting, one pair with cherry yellows and the other with necrotic ring spot virus. Shock symptoms induced by the two viruses were indistinguishable except that growth was retarded more severely and longer with yellows than with ring spot. However, the type and distribution of initial symptoms varied with the time of inoculation. Four symptom patterns were distinguished, and each was associated with an inoculation period. Seasonal symptom variations also revealed that the rate of movement of the yellows virus differed from that of the ring spot virus.

scholarly journals SPREAD OF NECROTIC RING SPOT AND SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS VIRUSES IN NIAGARA PENINSULA ORCHARDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Davidson ◽  
J. A. George
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Secondary Symptom ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Usual Reaction ◽  
Trace Reactions

In the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario necrotic ring spot (NRS) and sour cherry yellows (SCY) are the two principal virus diseases of sour cherry. Since 1951 most trees grown in this area have been propagated from virus-free budwood but about 4% of the rootstock used carries virus.A combination of symptoms known as ’shock’ is the usual reaction to infection with either virus. However, in some trees the first sign of infection is only an etch, which is usually considered to be a secondary symptom of NRS. In a few trees the primary symptoms are very mild trace reactions strongly suggestive of trees that have been infected for a long time. Indexing on peach seedlings is generally not a good indicator of current season infection. It is however very accurate in detecting virus in trees that have been infected for more than 1 year.The rate of virus spread in young orchards is dependent upon the age of the orchard, the proximity of older diseased trees, and the amount of disease within the orchard. Necrotic ring spot virus (NRSV) spreads very slowly in orchards under 4 years old but can spread very rapidly in orchards over 4 years old. Most rapid spread of NRS occurs after 20% of the trees in an orchard are infected. Sour cherry yellows virus on the other hand does not spread rapidly until after the 10th year. Both viruses can spread over a considerable distance, NRSV at least 800 yd and SCYV about 100 yd, but most infections of both occur within 50 ft of a known source. There is no indication that any plant other than sour cherry serves as a source of inoculum.

scholarly journals First Report of Occurrence of Papaya ring spot virus Infecting Papaya in Bangladesh

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Jain ◽  
K. M. Nasiruddin ◽  
Jyoti Sharma ◽  
R. P. Pant ◽  
A. Varma
Keyword(s):  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Cp Gene ◽  
Papaya Ring Spot Virus ◽  
Ring Spot

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important fruit crop in Bangladesh. During surveys conducted in Dhaka and Mymensingh regions from April to June 2003, >50% of papaya plants were observed to have leaf mottling, mosaic and mild distortion, and water-soaked streaks on petioles and stem, which are typical symptoms of Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) infection. Electron-microscopic examination of negatively stained leaf-dip preparations from 10 symptomatic samples revealed the association of flexuous virus particles that were decorated with polyclonal antibodies raised to an isolate from India (PRSV-D). The identity of PRSV associated with the papaya disease in Bangladesh was further confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis (2). By using PRSV specific primers (2), the 3′-terminal region comprising a part of the nuclear inclusion b gene, the coat protein (CP) gene, and the untranslated region were amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. AY423557). The CP gene consisted of 286 amino acids and the conserved regions common to the genus Potyvirus, such as WCIEN and QMKAA, were present. Like all known PRSV sequences (1), a stretch of glutamic acid and lysine repeats (EK region) after the aphid transmission motif (DAG) also was present. Comparative CP amino acid sequence analyses revealed that the virus infecting papaya in Bangladesh, designated as PRSV-Bd, shared 89 to 92% identity with PRSV isolates from India and 88 to 93% identity with isolates from other parts of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of PRSV infecting papaya in Bangladesh. References: (1) M. F. Bateson et al. J. Gen. Virol. 83:2575, 2002. (2) R. K. Jain et al. Ann Appl. Biol. 132:413, 1998.

scholarly journals POLLEN TRANSMISSION OF NECROTIC RING SPOT AND SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS VIRUSES FROM TREE TO TREE

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. George ◽  
T. R. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Cherry Tree ◽  
Pollen Transmission ◽  
Mesh Screen ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Cherry Trees

Montmorency sour cherry trees, 3 years of age and older, became infected more often with necrotic ring spot virus when exposed during May than when caged individually under 32-mesh screen during May. In screened compartments, necrotic ring spot spread only when bees were present during blossoming. Though necrotic ring spot spread to all but 1 untreated tree in a bearing orchard, it did not spread to neighbouring trees from which blossom buds were removed. Finally, necrotic ring spot virus was transferred to at least 4, and sour cherry yellows virus to at least 1 and possibly a second, of 14 trees that were emasculated and then pollinated with pollen from diseased trees. It is concluded that the viruses causing these diseases are transmitted from one cherry tree to another through pollination.

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