THE LIFE CYCLE OF PRASIOLA MERIDIONALIS SETCHELL AND GARDNER

The life cycle of Prasiola meridionalis is diplohaplontic, consisting of an alternation between morphologically dissimilar sporophytic and gametophytic generations. Mature diploid cells at the apex of the thallus divide meiotically, each producing four haploid cells. Eight pairs of chromosomes were counted at first meiotic prophase. The haploid cells divide mitotically, forming polystromatic, gametophytic tissue which becomes a continuation of the monostromatic, sporophytic, or somatic tissue within the same thallus. Patches of dark green cells, containing potential macrogametes, alternate with patches of very light green color which produce microgametes, forming a mosaic pattern in the gametophytic tissue at the apex of the thallus. Oogamy exists in this species, the spherical macrogamete possessing no flagella. Two or more smaller biflagellate microgametes may approach one macrogamete, but only one unites with it to form the zygote. P. meridionalis reproduces asexually by aplanospores which are formed within the diploid somatic tissue. The new thalli resulting from the germination of aplanospores are morphologically similar to those produced from the zygotes.Cultures of P. meridionalis thalli grow well in modified Provasoli's medium, when maintained at temperatures of 5–8 °C and provided with alternate light and dark periods. Gametes are liberated only when fruiting thalli are first illuminated for 2 hours with fluorescent tubes and then kept in the dark for several hours at temperatures of 3–5 °C.

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153 GENES FOR INTENSE COLORATION OF ACORN SQUASH

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.450f ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 450f-450

Author(s):

Harry S. Paris

Keyword(s):

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Fruit Color ◽

Color Intensity ◽

Major Genes ◽

Green Color ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Dark Green ◽

Light Green

The fruits of Cucurbita pepo cv. Table Queen are light green when young, turn dark green by intermediate age (15-18 days past anthesis) and remain dark green through maturity. Three major genes are known to affect developmental fruit color intensity in C. pepo: D, 1-1, and 1-2. Table Queen was crossed with cv. Vegetable Spaghetti and with tester stocks of known genotype in order to determine the genetic basis of its developmental fruit coloration. The results from filial, backcross. and testcross generations suggest that Table Queen carries gene D, which confers dark stem and fruit color from intermediate fruit age through maturity. Table Queen also carries L-2. which confers Light Type 2 (a pattern of grayish green hue) fruit color from intermediate age, but D is epistatic to L-2. The genotype of Table Queen is D/D 1-1/1-1 L-2/L-2. Clear-cut results were not obtained -- regarding the genetic basis of the retention of green color through maturity of Table Queen fruits.

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Genes for Retention of Green Fruit Color through Maturity of Acorn Squash

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.602c ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 602c-602

Author(s):

Harry S. Paris

Keyword(s):

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Fruit Color ◽

Complete Loss ◽

Green Color ◽

Green Fruit ◽

Color Retention ◽

Recessive Genes ◽

Dark Green ◽

Light Green

Most cultivars of acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo), such as `Table Queen', have fruit that are light green when young, become dark green by intermediate age, and remain dark green through maturity, carrying genotype D/D l-l/l-1 L-2/L-2. Many other forms of C. pepo that carry this genotype, the most familiar being the Halloween and pie pumpkins, turn orange at maturity. The genetic basis for green color retention of acorn squash was investigated by crossing `Table Queen' with `Vegetable Spaghetti', `Fordhook Zucchini', and accession 85k-9-107-2 (the parental, filial, backcross, and testcross generation progenies being grown out in the field and observed and scored for fruit color at maturity, between 40 and 44 days past anthesis). The results indicated that the three stocks crossed with `Table Queen' carry two recessive genes, designated mature orange-1 (mo-1) and mature orange-2 (mo-2), which act in concert to result in complete loss of green color before maturity in 1-1/1-1 plants. `Table Queen' is Mo-l/Mo-1 Mo-2∼o-2. Genes D and mo-2 are linked, ≈15 map units apart.

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The Present Situation and Trend of Green Building Development in China Dongying City

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.463 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 357-360 ◽

pp. 463-466

Author(s):

Yu Xi Song

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Green Building ◽

Present Situation ◽

Building Industry ◽

Primary Stage ◽

Dark Green ◽

Dongying City ◽

Common Understanding ◽

Light Green

In recent years, with the accelerating global resources depletion and increasing environment deterioration,sustainable development has become common understanding of best strategy in long-term development of human being. Green building has been the hottest keyword in building industry. This paper expounds the updated research of green building situation and trend,and investigate the green building development of DongYing City. The results indicated that green building development in China was still in the primary stage,the evaluation of green building would become national popular,the number of certified green building would increase year by year,and the development of green building in China was in the stage from light green to dark green.

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Inheritance of Persistent-Green Color in Asparagus Officinalis, L.

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v51i1.11221 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 71-76

Author(s):

H. Irizarry ◽

J. Howard Ellison ◽

Portia Orton

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Difference ◽

Qualitative Difference ◽

Recessive Gene ◽

Asparagus Officinalis ◽

Green Color ◽

Pigment System ◽

Plant Pigment ◽

Dark Green ◽

Or Genes ◽

Color Gene

Two mature, dark-green asparagus plants (one female and one male) termed "persistent-green" were selected in a New Jersey asparagus field on November 11, 1959, when the other plants were yellow or brown. The two persistent-green plants were crossed; each of them was crossed also with normal plants for the genetic study of this character. A secondary part of this study was to determine the effect of the color gene or genes on the plant-pigment system by means of spectrophotometric analyses. An attempt also was made to identify the persistent-green mutants in the seedling stage. The study of the phenotypes of 17 F1, F2, and reciprocal BC1 progenies indicated that persistent-green color in asparagus is inherited as a single recessive gene. There was a large quantitative difference in chlorophyll and carotene between the persistent-green and normal plant complexes in October, but not in July. Apparently the persistent-green mutants retain chlorophyll and carotene much later in the season than do the normal plants. No qualitative difference in pigment was found in either July or October. Asparagus seedlings were easily classified as to persistent-green (green foliage) or normal (yellow foliage) in the greenhouse when the plants were 6 weeks old.

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Studies on sunflower rust. V. Culture of Puccinia helianthi throughout its complete life cycle on detached leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b70-266 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 1811-1813 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. M. R. Hennessy ◽

W. E. Sackston

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Helianthus Annuus ◽

Green Color ◽

Puccinia Helianthi ◽

Complete Life Cycle ◽

Detached Leaves ◽

Time Required ◽

Continuous Temperature

Detached leaves of sunflowers on various substrates in petri plates retained some green color for 36 days at day and night temperatures of 22 and 20 °C respectively, and for 55 days at a continuous temperature of 10 °C. Water agar proved best of the substrates tried. Uredia developed in 9 to 10 days after inoculation with urediospores at 22−20 °C, and in 14 to 20 days at 10 °C. Telia developed in 14 to 20 days after inoculation at 22−20 °C, and in 22 days at 10 °C. Teliospores produced at 22−20 °C could not be induced to germinate. Those produced at 10 °C began to germinate 15 days after formation. Several complete cycles from teliospore to teliospore were produced on detached leaves. The time required per cycle averaged about 80 days.

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Green political philosophy

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ◽

10.4324/9780415249126-s019-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Terence Ball

Keyword(s):

Political Philosophy ◽

General Rule ◽

First Century ◽

Environmental Crisis ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Nature Conservancy ◽

Ice Caps ◽

Dark Green ◽

Light Green ◽

Wind And Water Erosion

All the major political philosophies have been born of crisis. Green political philosophy is no exception to this general rule. It has emerged from that interconnected series of crises that is often termed ‘the environmental crisis’. As we enter the second decade of the twenty-first century it seems quite clear that the level and degree of environmental degradation and destruction cannot be sustained over the longer term without dire consequences for human and other animal species, and the ecosystems on which all depend. A veritable explosion in the human population, the pollution of air and water, the melting of the polar ice caps and the resulting rise in sea levels, the overfishing of the oceans, the destruction of tropical and temperate rain forests, the extinction of entire species, the depletion of the ozone layer, the build-up of greenhouse gases, global warming, desertification, wind and water erosion of precious topsoil, the disappearance of valuable farmland and wilderness for ‘development’ – these and many other interrelated phenomena provide the backdrop and justification for the ‘greening’ of much of modern political thinking. The task of outlining and summarizing the state of green political philosophy is made more difficult because there is as yet no agreement among ‘green’ political thinkers. Indeed there is, at present, no definitive ‘green political philosophy’ as such. The environmental or green movement is diverse and disparate, and appears in different shades of green. These range from ‘light green’ conservationists to ‘dark green’ deep ecologists, from ecofeminists to social ecologists, from the militant ecoteurs of Earth First!, to the low-keyed gradualists of the Sierra Club and the Nature Conservancy. These groups differ not only over strategy and tactics, but also over fundamental philosophy as well. While there is no single, systematically articulated and agreed-upon green political philosophy, however, there are nonetheless recurring topics, themes, categories and concepts that are surely central to such a political philosophy. These include the idea that humans are part of nature and members of a larger and more inclusive ‘biotic community’ to which they have obligations or duties. This community includes both human and nonhuman animals, and the conditions conducive to their survival and flourishing. Such a community consists, moreover, not only of members who are alive but those who are as yet unborn. A green political philosophy values both biological and cultural diversity, and views sustainability as a standard by which to judge the justness of human actions and practices. Exactly how these themes might fit together to form some larger, systematic and coherent whole is still being worked out.

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Synthese und Struktur diastereomerer, zweikerniger Kupferkomplexe [1] / Synthesis and Structure of Diastereomerie Dinuclear Copper Complexes [1]

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B ◽

10.1515/znb-1994-1018 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 49 (10) ◽

pp. 1410-1414 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rolf W. Saalfrank ◽

Oliver Struck ◽

Karl Peters ◽

Hans Georg von Schnering

Keyword(s):

Structure Analysis ◽

Copper Complexes ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Dinuclear Copper ◽

X Ray ◽

Dark Green ◽

2D Polymer ◽

Light Green

Abstract Depolymerisation of a copper(II)/pyrrolidine-based 2D -polymer 2 by 4,4′-bipyridyl [molar ratio: 2 (CuL2) : 1 (Bipy)] and recrystallisation of the reaction product leads to two visually distinguishable crystal charges, composed of dark green octahedra meso-4 and light green rod-shaped crystals racem-5. Separation of the conglomerate of the morphologically different crystals is accomplished by pick out. The structure of the dinuelear complex racem-5 has been established unambigously by X-ray structure analysis. EPR and susceptibility measurements of mixtures of complex meso-4 and racem-5 indicate that there is no interaction between the two copper(II) centres.

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The morphology of neurosecretory neurones in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis , by the injection of Procion Yellow and horseradish peroxidase

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1980.0108 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 290 (1042) ◽

pp. 449-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Keyword(s):

Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽

Cerebral Ganglion ◽

Pedal Ganglion ◽

Axonal Projections ◽

Procion Yellow ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Dark Green ◽

Connective Tissue Sheath ◽

Pleural Ganglion ◽

Light Green

The morphology of neurosecretory neurones, the Dark Green Cells, Yellow Cells, Yellow-green Cells, Light Green Cells, Caudodorsal Cells and Canopy Cells, in the central nervous system of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis , was investigated by the intracellular injection of Procion Yellow and, for the Yellow Cells only, of horseradish peroxidase. The cerebral ganglia neurosecretory cells (Light Green Cells, Caudodorsal Cells and Canopy Cells) had discrete neurohaemal organs and their axons projected exclusively to nerves and connectives close to the central nervous system. The Light Green Cells had single, undividing axons, which projected exclusively to the ipsilateral median lip nerve. Hormone release is thought to take place principally from the lateral edges of axons, at various points along their lengths, within the median lip nerve. The Caudodorsal Cells projected to the cerebral commissure, where their axons often branched before terminating at the edge of the neuropil. The degree of axonal branching and the location of the Caudodorsal Cell terminals varied widely in different cells. Axon terminals penetrated the perineurium and travelled for several hundred micrometres within the connective tissue sheath of the cerebral commissure. Again, release of neurosecretory material at various points along their lengths seems likely. The Canopy Cells (a pair of individually identifiable giant cells) had a single axon, which projected to the contralateral cerebral ganglion via the cerebral commissure. Axons of left and right Canopy Cells were closely apposed in the cerebral commissure and this is the likely site of the electrotonic junction known to connect them. Neurohaemal organs for the Caudodorsal Cells are the ipsilateral lateral lobe, cerebral commissure and contralateral median lip nerve. Neurosecretory neurones whose cell bodies were located in the pleural, parietal and visceral ganglia (Yellow Cells, Yellow-green Cells and Dark Green Cells) had extensive non-localized neurohaemal areas in the connective tissue sheath surrounding the central ganglia as well as peripheral nerve projections. The Yellow Cells had one or two axons, which, in neurones located in the visceral and right parietal ganglia, projected extraganglionically to the central sheath or to the intestinal and internal right parietal nerves. These nerve projections are appropriate for the innervation of the kidney, the peripheral target organ of the Yellow Cells. Yellow Cells, located in the pleural ganglia, only had axonal projections to the central sheath. Yellow Cells and Yellow-green Cells had well developed dendritic branching terminating in the central neuropil. Yellow-green Cells project mainly to the anal and external right parietal nerves. Pleural ganglia Dark Green Cells had a few terminals located beneath the perineurium of the pleural ganglia but most of their axonal projections were to peripheral nerves. All Dark Green Cells projected to the ipsilateral pedal ganglion and then to pedal nerves. In addition, some pleural Dark Green Cells had further projections to the internal and external right parietal nerves and median lip nerve of the cerebral ganglion. The widespread distribution of Dark Green Cell axons was consistent with their supposed role in regulating ion and water transport across the skin of the foot and mantle. The electrotonic junctions known to connect Dark Green Cells whose cell bodies are close together on the pleural ganglion surface are located in the pleural ganglion, pleuro-pedal connective and pedal ganglion.

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Viability of peach palm by-product, Spirulina platensis, and spinach for the enrichment of dehydrated soup

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018001100008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (11) ◽

pp. 1259-1267

Author(s):

Paulo Ricardo Los ◽

Deise Rosana Silva Simões ◽

Roberta de Souza Leone ◽

Beatriz Cervejeira Bolanho ◽

Taís Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Green Color ◽

Peach Palm ◽

Brazilian Legislation ◽

Yellow Color ◽

Microbiological Parameters ◽

Market Niche ◽

Dark Green ◽

Pale Yellow Color

Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop dehydrated soup formulations using flour from peach palm by-product (PPB), Spirulina platensis or spinach, as well as to evaluate their composition by physical, chemical, instrumental, and sensory methods. Four formulations were developed: standard, PPB flour, PPB flour and S. platensis, and PPB flour and spinach. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, chlorophyll content, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color, viscosity, water absorption, and microbiological parameters. The sensory characterization was performed by the check-all-that-apply method. The soups containing spinach or S. platensis presented the highest protein contents of 3.3 and 4.6 g 100 g-1, respectively. The soups formulated with the microalgae S. platensis showed higher contents of fibers, lipids, and antioxidants. Changes were observed in the color and viscosity of the soups. The standard dehydrated soup was characterized as shiny, creamy, with seasoning flavor and fragments, and a pale-yellow color; the formulation with spinach, as grainy, with an herb odor and flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color; and with S. platensis, with herb flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color. The developed formulations are within the microbiological standards for food established by the Brazilian legislation. The sensory analysis revealed a new market niche, and the soups containing PPB and S. platensis showed good acceptability. Peach palm flour, Spirulina platensis, and spinach are alternatives for the nutritional enrichment of dehydrated soups with high protein, ash, fiber, and antioxidant contents.

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