A Novel Quinoline Derivative for Selective and Sensitive Visual Detection of PPB Level Cu2+ in Aqueous Solution.

Aim: Selective and sensitive visual detection of Cu2+in aqueous solution at PPB level using easily synthesized compound. Background: The search for a chemosensor that can detect Cu2+ is very long owing to the fact that an optimum level of Cu2+ is required for human health and the recommended amount of Cu2+ in drinking water is set to be 1-2 mgL-1 . Thus, it is very important to detect Cu2+ even at a very low concentration to assess the associated health risks. Objective: We are still seeking for the easiest, cheapest, fastest and greenest sensor that can selectively, sensitively and accurately detect Cu2+ with lowest detection limit. Our objective of this work is to find one such Cu2+ sensor. Methods: We have synthesized a quinoline derivative following very easy synthetic procedures and characterize the compound by standard methods. For sensing study, we used steady state absorption and emission spectroscopy. Results: Our sensor can detect Cu2+ selectively and sensitively in aqueous solution instantaneously even in the presence of excess amount of other salts. The pale-yellow color of the sensor turns red on the addition of Cu2+ . There is no interference from other cations and anions. A 2:1 binding mechanism of the ligand with Cu2+ is proposed using Jobs plot with binding constant in the order of 109 M-2 . We calculated the LOD to be 18 ppb, which is quite low than what is permissible in drinking water. Conclusion: We developed a new quinoline based chemo-sensor following straightforward synthetic procedure from very cheap starting materials that can detect Cu2+ visually and instantaneously in aqueous solution with ppb level sensitivity and zero interference from other ions.

Optimization of Natural Dyes Extraction from Mangifera indica (Gadung) Leaves

In recent years, due to the massive pollution spread, the switchover to the eco-friendly process is being considered. Particularly, in textile industries, the wastewater containing dangerous substances dangers the condition of the rivers directing to the use of natural dyes. The existing traditional industries often use natural sources with lacks of study about the method and process condition to gain the best quality and the highest quantity of colorants. This study aim is to find the time for the extraction using common materials and simple method resembling the real situation. The common natural dye source, Mangifera indica leaves, particularly from Gadung species – a common type of Mangifera indica in Indonesia – is on this study using reflux method combined with methanol and water as its solvent separately. The steps used is a modification from the preceding process, which includes tannin and fatty acids in the final product. Spectral analysis indicated that the best time for extraction using water, which produces pale yellow color is 60 min, and the best time for extraction using methanol, which produces green color is 360 min. Therefore, the next application of boiling the materials with water can be reduced to the written times above.

Feasibility of Paper Production from Oil Palm Trunk Using Arrowroot Flour as a Binder

Oil palm trunk is lignocellulose biomass and agricultural residual waste that has not been utilized to its maximum potential. The feasibility of paper production from oil palm trunk (OPT) was studied for one alternative application. OPT was treated with 8% (w/v) alkaline solution (NaOH), subsequently with a different concentration of H2O2 solution (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/v). The results showed that the brown color of OPP was converted to a pale yellow color after bleaching with H2O2 while hemicellulose and lignin were also removed. Arrowroot flour was used as a binder for mold oil palm paper. The optimum condition for oil palm paper production was 15% (w/v) NaOH for 60 min then 6 % (v/v) H2O2 for 30 min. The obtained OPP paper showed a density of 183.53 ± 1.86 g/cm3, a water absorption of 0.0904 ± 0.0010 mL/cm2, a tensile index of 2.60 ± 0.07 Nm/g and a burst index of 1.22 ± 0.04 kPa m2/g. All value properties of the obtained OPP paper showed that the OPP value was lower than that of available commercial Kraft paper (KI125 and KT125). Meanwhile, this OPP paper process could continuously improve to be a container formation.

Efektivitas Ampas Tebu Sebagai Adsorben untuk Pemurnian Minyak Jelatah Produk Sanjai

<p><em>Ampas tebu sebagian besar mengandung bahan-bahan lignoselulosa.yang dapat berfungsi sebagai adsorben. Minyak jelantah (waste cooking oil) adalah minyak bekas pemakaian kebutuhan rumah tangga umumnya, bila ditinjau dari komposisi kimianya, minyak jelantah mengandung senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat karsinogenik, tapi bila dimurnikan dengan cara meyerap kotoran yang ada, masih bias bernilai Ampas tebu adsorben dapat menurunkan FFA oleh 82,14%. Berdasarkan sampel 150 ml digunakan memasak sampel minyak, waktu efektif untuk pengobatan untuk mengurangi FFA adalah 60 menit, Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas ampas tebu sebagai adsorben untuk pemurnian minyak jelantah. Penelitian ini merupakan Jenis penelitian ini adalah Exsperimen, dengan rancangan One Group Pretest Posttest. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Minyak Jelantah hasil dari penggorengan sanjai di Kota Bukittinggi tahun 2018. Sampel diambil menggunakan metode Purposive Sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sesudah dilakukan penyaringan sampel minyak jelantah menggunakan ampas tebu sebanyak tiga kali pengulangan didapatkan hasil yaitu : bau normal, rasa hambar, warna kuning muda, dan endapan tidak ada, sehingga sesuai dengan standar baku mutu minyak goreng yang baik, adanya perbedaan rerata kadar asam lemak bebas, bilangan peroksida, kadar air sebelum dan sesudah adalah asam lemak (0,233), peroksida (1,366), air (0,533). Hasil uji statistik didapatkan p value asam lemak (0,020), peroksida (0,002), air (0,026). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini minyak yang telah di proses sesuai dengan standar baku mutu minyak goreng yang baik. (SNI 01-3741-2002 tentang Standar Mutu Minyak Goreng).</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em>Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is used as the main raw material in the sugar industry. Bagasse is the solid waste from the industrial processing of sugar cane into sugar. Bagasse fiber is not soluble in water and is mostly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cooking oil (waste cooking oil) is a former oil consumption household goods generally, but when viewed from the chemical composition, used cooking oils contain compounds that are carcinogenic. Bagasse adsorbent can reduce FFA by 82.14%. Based on a 150 ml sample used cooking oil samples, the effective time for treatment to reduce FFA is 60 minutes,The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of bagasse as an adsorbent for pemnurnian used cooking oil. This research is a type of research is Exsperimen, with one group pretest posttest design. The population in this study is the result of frying Used Cooking Oil Sanjai Bukittinggi 2018. The results showed After filtering waste cooking oil samples using bagasse as much as three times the repetition of the results obtained are: normal smell, taste bland, pale yellow color, and precipitation does not exist, so in accordance with bakum good quality cooking oil, theirmean differencefree fatty acid content, peroxide value, moisture content before and after is 0.233, 1.366, 0.533. Statistical test results obtained p value of 0.020, 0.002, 0.026. The conclusion of this study after three repetitions the results obtained are: normal smell, taste bland, pale yellow color, and precipitation does not exist, and its happening significant reduction of which the decrease in free fatty acid, peroxide, water content.</em></em></p>

Inheritance Of Shape And Kernel Color In Sweet Corn Using JM2 And JM4 Populations

Corn kernel is one of the most important characters that correlate with corn yield and quality. Sweet corn kernels can be distinguished by its color which is either yellow and white or pale yellow. Sweet corn breeding by crossing genotypes with different kernel colors will affect the inheritance pattern of kernel color. The aims of this research were to understand the inheritance pattern in sweet corn kernel color by crossing yellow and pale yellow color with red and purple corn kernels using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Genetic materials consisted of P1 (JM2 and JM4) and P2 (Red and Purple) and F1, F2, F3, and F1 reciprocals. P1 consists of JM2 and JM4 with flint shape with yellow and pale yellow color; P2 consists of Red and purple with non-yellow colored kernel and flint shape. The results showed maternal effect influenced the kernel color, but did not affect the kernel shape. Epistatic effects were found in kernel shape but it was co-dominant on kernel color inheritance. Broad-sense heritability values were high for all quantitative variables. Keywords : color, heritability, pale yellow, purple, red, shape

Another unusual new gorgonian (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Plexauridae) from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska

An unusual new species of plexaurid octocoral, Alaskagorgia splendicitrina, is described from a specimen collected in the far west Aleutian Island Archipelago, Alaska, USA. Unusual features that separate it from its only congener include: the vibrant yellow color of the live colony and an arborescent growth form with numerous coiling and twisting branches, the pale yellow color of the sclerites and the lack of small and densely warted double-headed sclerites. The new species is represented by only a single specimen despite extensive sampling in the region during the past several decades; the speculation is that it radiated from the much less explored region to the west.

Viability of peach palm by-product, Spirulina platensis, and spinach for the enrichment of dehydrated soup

The objective of this work was to develop dehydrated soup formulations using flour from peach palm by-product (PPB), Spirulina platensis or spinach, as well as to evaluate their composition by physical, chemical, instrumental, and sensory methods. Four formulations were developed: standard, PPB flour, PPB flour and S. platensis, and PPB flour and spinach. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, chlorophyll content, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color, viscosity, water absorption, and microbiological parameters. The sensory characterization was performed by the check-all-that-apply method. The soups containing spinach or S. platensis presented the highest protein contents of 3.3 and 4.6 g 100 g-1, respectively. The soups formulated with the microalgae S. platensis showed higher contents of fibers, lipids, and antioxidants. Changes were observed in the color and viscosity of the soups. The standard dehydrated soup was characterized as shiny, creamy, with seasoning flavor and fragments, and a pale-yellow color; the formulation with spinach, as grainy, with an herb odor and flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color; and with S. platensis, with herb flavor, seasoning fragments, and a dark-green color. The developed formulations are within the microbiological standards for food established by the Brazilian legislation. The sensory analysis revealed a new market niche, and the soups containing PPB and S. platensis showed good acceptability. Peach palm flour, Spirulina platensis, and spinach are alternatives for the nutritional enrichment of dehydrated soups with high protein, ash, fiber, and antioxidant contents.

TLC and GC-MS Analyses of Essential Oil Isolated from Macedonian Foeniculi fructus

The essential oil of Foeniculi fructus, the ripe fruit from the plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare var. dulce Batt. and Trab. (sweet fennel, македонски анасон) was isolated and the main components were identified and quantified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The Aetherloeum Foeniculi had pale yellow color and characteristic pleasant odor and was obtained in 3.2% yield (by weight from the plant fruits). The main components of the oil were: trans-anethole, 1, (70%), p-anisaldehyde, 2, (19%) estragole, 3, (6%) and anisacetone, 4, (2%). The identity of the components was determined by matching the mass spectra to the library spectra. The identity of the main component, trans-anethole, was confirmed directly by isolation using column chromatography and indirectly by potassium permanganate oxidation of the essential oil. The oxidation product from this reaction, pmethoxybenzoic acid, 16, was isolated and characterized. The potential products of autooxidation of trans-anethole (epoxy anethole, anethole glycol and 16) were not detected in the freshly obtained essential oils.

OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT TREATMENTS OF VIETNAMESE RUBIES

A suitable heating condition designed for a particular type of ruby is used to enhance the quality to increase its value. Heating Vietnamese rubies in an oxygen atmosphere may improve color and clarity, and thus increase their prices. The color of rubies is due to the presence of trace amounts of Cr 3+. Fe 3+ yields a pale yellow color and the charge transfer mechanism between Fe 2+ and Ti 4+ gives ruby an undesirable bluish color. Reducing this mechanism is possible by heating the ruby in oxygen so that most of the Fe 2+ is converted into Fe 3+ ions and thus they appear a more intense red. By using XRD we found that the c/a ratio of the hexagonal structure was smallest after heat treatment at 1300°C. The number of Fe 2+ ions converted to Fe 3+ was detected by an electron spin resonance spectrometer and found to increase with temperature. The ruby appeared a most intense red after heating at 1500°C for 12 hours. The color change is due to both the decrease in c/a ratio and the increase in the number of Fe 3+ ions. ESR experiments on ruby crystals by rotation about their c-axis show that Fe 3+ ions are a little off axis before heat treatment. After heat treatment at 1300°C they move to new asymmetric equilibrium positions towards larger O 2- triangles. It is not clear, however, if this Fe 3+ movement is related to the change in color. The asymmetry may arise due to some O2- vacancies.