PHYTOPHTHORA SPP. IN SOILS OF THE OKANAGAN AND SIMILKAMEEN VALLEYS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1411-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Orchard Soils ◽  
Chemotactic Effect ◽  
Irrigated Soils ◽  
Cultivated Soils

Phytophthora cactorum is widely distributed in irrigated soils in the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys of British Columbia. Other species isolated, when over 1800 soil samples were assayed for the presence of Phytophthora fungi, were P. cryptogea twice, P. cambivora once, P. megasperma var. sojae once, and P. drechsleri twice. Phytophthora spp. were not recovered from virgin soils nor from non-irrigated cultivated soils, nor from orchard soils receiving irrigation water that is chlorinated. P. cactorum, P. cryptogea, and P. cambivora are pathogenic to rootlets of pear, cherry, apricot, and peach seedlings. P. megasperma var. sojae and P. drechsleri were weakly to non-pathogenic to these hosts. Pear and apple rootlets exerted a chemotactic effect on zoospores of P. cambivora and P. cactorum.

scholarly journals Survey in Nurseries and Irrigation Water Reservoirs as Sources of Oomycetes Found in Avocado Orchards in the Canary Islands

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1264-1274
Author(s):  
Cristina Rodríguez-Padrón ◽  
Ana Rodríguez ◽  
Felipe Siverio
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Substrate Preparation ◽  
Phytophthora Spp

Nursery stocks and irrigation water are important sources of Phytophthora spp. In this study, 20 irrigation water reservoirs and 10 avocado nurseries were surveyed in the Canary Islands between 2013 and 2015 to investigate their potential role in disseminating pathogenic species in avocado orchards. Phytophthora multivora was isolated from one of the irrigation reservoirs, whereas, in two surveys conducted in nurseries, Phytophthora cinnamomi, the primary pathogen in avocado, was detected in addition to other Phytophthora species (P. lacustris, P. multivora, P. nicotianae, P. niederhauserii, and P. palmivora) and Phytopythium vexans. The species recovered from nurseries were isolated mostly from propagated plants but also from nursery irrigation water, soil used for substrate preparation, and soil samples collected in orchards that supply seeds for seedling propagation. Species recovered from nurseries correlated with those found in avocado orchards in a previous study, except for P. lacustris, suggesting that nurseries could be involved in their dissemination in avocado orchards. The improved sanitary status of nurseries resulted in reduced incidence in the second survey, indicating the importance of nursery monitoring to reduce infestations.

scholarly journals Movement of Phytophthora spp. in Maryland's Nursery Trade

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Bienapfl ◽  
Y. Balci
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Main Route ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Nursery Practices ◽  
Potting Media

Phytophthora spp. cause major losses in the nursery industry worldwide. However, a clear demonstration of the route of movement has not been previously shown. A survey of 10 Maryland nurseries was conducted over a 3-year period to investigate the presence of Phytophthora spp. on newly arrived plants, mainly from West Coast suppliers. Local nursery plants, irrigation water, and potting media were also sampled for Phytophthora spp. Isolates were identified using a combination of morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing. Species identified included Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. drechsleri, P. elongata, P. gonapodyides, P. hydropathica, P. irrigata, P. lacustris, P. multivora, P. nicotianae, P. pini, P. plurivora, and P. syringae. P. taxon pgchlamydo was also isolated from irrigation water. Eight of the abovementioned Phytophthora spp. were isolated in association with incoming material, indicating that the movement of these pathogens continues to occur. Asymptomatic plant material was the main route of introduction of Phytophthora spp. to Maryland nurseries. Results also indicated that several Phytophthora spp. could be found in Maryland nurseries in association with infested potting media of asymptomatic plants. Although P. ramorum was not detected, our surveys underscore the significance of nursery practices that allow introductions of these significant plant pathogens to new geographic locations.

Residues and Persistence of Glyphosate in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Comes ◽  
V. F. Bruns ◽  
A. D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Dry Soil

Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] nor the soil metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected in the first flow of water through two canals following application of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha to ditchbanks when the canals were dry. Soil samples collected the day before canals were filled (about 23 weeks after treatment) contained about 0.35 ppm glyphosate and 0.78 ppm aminomethylphosphonic acid in the 0 to 10-cm layer. When glyphosate was metered into the water at a rate calculated to provide 150 ppb in the canal water at a single site on two flowing canals, about 70% of the glyphosate was accounted for 1.6 km downstream from the application site. Thereafter, the rate of disappearance diminished, and about 58% of the applied glyphosate was present at the end of the canals 8 or 14.4 km downstream from the introduction sites.

scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

Chemical Effects of Saline Irrigation Water on a San Joaquin Valley Soil: II. Field Soil Samples

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Thellier ◽  
Kenneth M. Holtzclaw ◽  
J. D. Rhoades ◽  
Garrison Sposito
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Chemical Effects

Irrigation Water Sources and Time Intervals as Variables on the Presence of Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes on Romaine Lettuce Grown in Muck Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1182-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Guévremont ◽  
Lisyanne Lamoureux ◽  
Mylène Généreux ◽  
Caroline Côté
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Irrigation water has been identified as a possible source of vegetable contamination by foodborne pathogens. Risk management for pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in fields can be influenced by the source of the irrigation water and the time interval between last irrigation and harvest. Plots of romaine lettuce were irrigated with manure-contaminated water or aerated pond water 21, 7, or 3 days prior to harvesting, and water and muck soil samples were collected at each irrigation treatment. Lettuce samples were collected at the end of the trials. The samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes. Campylobacter coli was isolated from 33% of hog manure samples (n = 9) and from 11% of the contaminated water samples (n = 27), but no lettuce samples were positive (n = 288). L. monocytogenes was not found in manure, and only one sample of manure-contaminated irrigation water (n = 27) and one lettuce sample (n = 288) were positive. No Campylobacter or L. monocytogenes was recovered from the soil samples (n = 288). Because of the low incidence of pathogens, it was not possible to link the contamination of either soil or lettuce with the type of irrigation water. Nevertheless, experimental field trials mimicking real conditions provide new insights into the survival of two significant foodborne pathogens on romaine lettuce.

scholarly journals Influence of Sub- Versus Top-irrigation and Surfactants in a Recirculating System on Disease Incidence Caused by Phytophthora spp. in Potted Pepper Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1147-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Stanghellini ◽  
C. J. Nielsen ◽  
D. H. Kim ◽  
S. L. Rasmussen ◽  
P. A. Rorbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Recycled Nutrient Solution ◽  
Pepper Plants ◽  
Ebb And Flow

Zoospores of Phytophthora capsici spread from inoculated source plants to healthy potted pepper plants located on separate ebb-and-flow benches when the recycled nutrient solution originated from a common reservoir. Amending the recirculating nutrient solution with a surfactant, which selectively kills zoospores, resulted in 100% control of the spread of the pathogen in an ebb-and-flow and a top-irrigated cultural system. Without a surfactant in the recirculating nutrient solution, all plants in an ebb-and-flow cultural system died within 6 weeks. In contrast, all plants in a top-irrigated cultural system died within 2 weeks after inoculation of source plants. These results suggest that the use of recycled irrigation water in an ebb-and-flow cultural system is less conducive to pathogen spread than its use in a top-irrigated cultural system, but may still serve as efficient means of inoculum movement in the absence of control measures.

EMISSION OF LEGACY CHLORINATED PESTICIDES FROM AGRICULTURAL AND ORCHARD SOILS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry F. Bidleman ◽  
Andi D. Leone ◽  
Fiona Wong ◽  
Laurens van Vliet ◽  
Sunny Szeto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chlorinated Pesticides ◽  
Orchard Soils

Persistence of Indicator and Pathogenic Microorganisms in Broccoli following Manure Spreading and Irrigation with Fecally Contaminated Water: Field Experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
MYLÈNE GÉNÉREUX ◽  
MARIE JO BRETON ◽  
JOHN MORRIS FAIRBROTHER ◽  
PHILIPPE FRAVALO ◽  
CAROLINE CÔTÉ
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Produce Contamination ◽  
Water Field

In 2011 and 2012, trials consisting of experimental plots were carried out to evaluate the presence of pathogenic (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella) and prevalence of indicator (Escherichia coli) microorganisms in broccoli fertilized with liquid hog manure or mineral fertilizers and irrigated zero, one, or two times with E. coli–contaminated water. In 2011, results showed that E. coli contamination in broccoli heads was affected by the interval between irrigation and sampling (P = 0.0236), with a significant decrease between the first and third day following irrigation (P = 0.0064). In 2012, irrigation frequency significantly increased E. coli prevalence in broccoli samples (P = 0.0499). In 2012, E. coli counts in the soil were significantly influenced by the type of fertilizer applied, as plots receiving liquid hog manure showed higher bacterial counts (P = 0.0006). L. monocytogenes was recovered in one broccoli sample, but geno-serogrouping differentiated the isolate from those recovered in manure and irrigation water. The L. monocytogenes serogroup IIA, pulsotype 188 strain was found in six soil samples and in irrigation water applied 5 days before soil sampling. This study highlights the link between E. coli levels in irrigation water, irrigation frequency, and interval between irrigation and harvest on produce contamination. It also demonstrates that L. monocytogenes introduced into the soil following irrigation can persist for up to 5 days.

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