scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Príspevok k problematike určovania špecifickej hmotnosti subhorizontov opadu lesných pôd

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Jana Bútorová
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Elementary Unit ◽  
Final Density ◽  
International Laboratory ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract According to national and international laboratory methods, the density of soil samples is determined by pycnometer in heated samples crushed by ultrasound. In mineral soils, the elementary unit of density is represented by a mineral grain of quartz, granite, andesite, etc. On the other hand, in organic soils, the elementary unit is represented by a leaf (or just a part of it), needles, stems and roots. Heating of the mineral grain causes its release from the soil aggregate. Organic parts of the soil are losing air vacuoles by heat treatment while in the same time, carbohydrates, proteins, oils and resins create new chemicals which are heavier than water. That is a reason why density determination of litter subhorizons in forest soils needs to have different rules in comparison with mineral soil samples. Samples with more than 50 volume per cent of organic matter are not treated by heat and do not decompose. In case of high mineral soil content, mineral parts are removed from the sample and their density is determined. The final density is based on mathematically processed data.

scholarly journals Fixation of potassium by soil samples under various conditions

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Potassium

The fixation of added potassium under various conditions was studied using soil samples collected from three layers of ten mineral soils. The type of soil ranged from finesand to heavy clay, the soil reaction from pH 3.3 to pH 6.4 (in 0.01 M CaCl2), and the total potassium content from 1.99 to 3.41 per cent. The fixation against an extraction with neutral ammonium acetate distinctly depended on the conditions used for the application of potassium: on the average, without drying the samples fixed during one hour somewhat more than 80 per cent of the amount fixed during 18 hours, when the samples were treated with KCI-solutions corresponding to 2.5 me K/100 g soil. Drying the suspension at 80°C resulted in a fixation 1.2 to 4.1 times as high as that under the »wet» conditions within one hour. The results of these two methods were not particularly closely correlated (r = 0.73***). The results of the »dry» method were found to be of the same order as the fixation of potassium in samples incubated for three months at room temperature. The results of the »dry» fixation were positively correlated with the pH (r = 0.75***) and negatively correlated with the contents of organic carbon (r = —0.63***) and exchangeable potassium (r = —0.40*), but they were not correlated with the contents of clay or the acid soluble potassium. Under the »wet» conditions the relative fixation generally decreased with an increase in the application of potassium, but there were samples which fixed a rather low but almost equal portion of all the applications from 0.625 to 40 me K/100 g soil. The fixation from the highest addition was correlated with the clay fraction

scholarly journals Determination of plant-available manganese from soils by acid ammonium acetate-EDTA extraction

1991 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Oili Mohammadi ◽  
Markku Yli-Halla ◽  
Väinö Mäntylahti
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Plant Availability ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Edta Extraction

Manganese was extracted with a solution containing 0.5 M NH4-acetate, 0.5 M acetic acid and 0.02 M Na2 -EDTA at pH 4.65 (AAAc-EDTA) from 86 soil samples collected from plough layers in Finland. The results were compared to the quantities of exchangeable, reducible (three methods) and total Mn of the soil samples as well as to Mn uptake in a pot experiment in which four yields of ryegrass were grown. MnAAAc-EDTA ranged from 1.8 to 158.8 mg/kg, mean 32.2 mg/kg. MnAAAc-EDTA correlated more closely with reducible Mn (r = 0.82*** -0.87***) than with total Mn (r = 0.50***) or exchangeable Mn (r = 0.45***), suggesting a relationship between reducible Mn and MnAAAc-EDTA. In order to take into account the effect of pH on plant-availability of MnAAAc-EDTA, the MnAAAc-EDTA indices were multiplied by two different pH correction coefficients. The pH correction resulted in a closer correlation between MnAAAc-EDTA and exchangeable Mn, but in a poorer correlation between MnAAAc-EDTA and reducible Mn. The pH-corrected MnAAAc-EDTA indices or exchangeable Mn explained the variation in the Mn content of the first ryegrass yield to a higher degree (R2 = 33—38 %) than did the original indices (R2 = 3 %). However, the original indices explained 38—55 % of the variation in the Mn content of subsequent ryegrass yields, whereas the pH-corrected indices explained only 16—34 % of the variation. Thus, MnAAAc-EDTA is an indicator of the potentially plant-available reserves of Mn, while the pH-corrected indices reflect the quantity of the readily available Mn in the soil.

CARBON BONDED SULPHUR IN SELECTED QUEBEC SOILS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Lowe ◽  
W. A. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Soils ◽  
Mineral Surface ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Mineral Soils

Details are given of a procedure for the determination of carbon bonded sulphur in soils and soil extracts.Significant amounts of carbon bonded sulphur were found in a few selected Quebec soils. Organic soils contained substantially more carbon bonded sulphur than mineral soils, and also a higher proportion of the total sulphur was in a carbon bonded form in the organic (47–58 per cent) than in the mineral soils (12–35 per cent).The distribution of carbon bonded sulphur between acid-extractable, alkali-extractable and non-extractable fractions was determined on the same samples. The recovery of carbon bonded sulphur in these fractions was high in the organic soils, but 16–48 per cent was not accounted for in three mineral surface soils. For all samples, very little carbon bonded sulphur was non-extractable and, in all samples, except a podzol B21 horizon, more of this sulphur fraction was extracted by alkaline than by acid extraction.The importance of this fraction as a source of sulphur for plants cannot yet be assessed.

The determination of total sulphur and sulphate sulphur in feeding stuffs

1933 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Present Note ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Inorganic Sulphur ◽  
Amino Acid Methionine

Recent work on the growth of wool in relation to the cystine supply in the sheep's diet, together with the discovery in proteins of a new sulphur-containing amino acid, methionine, has directed attention to the importance of being able to determine, by methods easily and quickly carried out, the amounts of total and inorganic sulphur in plant products and feeding stuffs. Details are given in the present note of the methods employed by the writers for the estimation of total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and, by difference, organic sulphur.

scholarly journals Fixed ammonium in some Finnish soils

1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Ammonium

The nonexchangeable or fixed NH4-N was determined by the method of SCHACHTSCHABEL in 130 samples of Finnish mineral soils. In this relatively heterogeneous material consisting of 44 samples from the surface layer down to 20 cm and 86 samples from the deeper layers, the pH values ranged from 3.3 to 7.5, the contents of clay from 0 to 96 per cent, organic C from 0.03 to 6.6 per cent, and Kjeldahl-N from 0.13 to 4.53 mg/g. In the 46 finesand, loam and silt soil samples, the content of nonexchangeable NH4-N was, on the average, 90 ± 30 ppm ranging from 0 to 190 ppm. In the 84 clay soil samples it ranged from 40 to 620 ppm, with an average of 290 ± 30 ppm. The heavy clay soils of the deeper layers were particularly rich in fixed NH4-N containing it averagely 400 ± 40 ppm. Because of these soils the mean value in the samples of the deeper layers was as high as 260 ± 30 ppm and thus significantly higher than the corresponding figure in the surface soils, 140 ± 40 ppm. In the clay soils the amount of nonexchangeable ammonium was correlated with the clay fraction less than 0.6 μ (r = 0.74***), but not at all with the coarser clay. In the finesand, loam, and silt soils no correlation between the contents of fixed ammonium and clay was detected. No close relationship existed between the indigenous fixed ammonium and the capacity of the soil to fix applied ammonium. If the sum of these quantities would represent the total ammonium fixing capacity of the soil, about one half of this capacity would be saturated by the native fixed ammonium in the topsoil. In the subsoils the rate of saturation would be much lower. In the topsoil samples the amount of nonexchangeable NH4-N corresponded in the non-clay soils to 4 ± 2 per cent and in the clay soils to 9 ± 3 per cent of the Kjeldahl-N. In the subsoil samples the corresponding average percentage was 52 ± 5. The rather low ratios of organic C to Kjeldahl-N in the clay soils of the deeper layers may be taken to indicate that a part of the Kjeldahl-N was not in organic compounds. The C/N-ratios obtained when the amount of nonexchangeable NH4-N is subtracted from the Kjeldahl-N may be too high to characterize the soil organic matter, since it is likely that all the fixed NH4-N was not determined by the Kjeldahl-procedure.

scholarly journals Base-neutralizing capacity of Finnish mineral soils

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils

The base-neutralizing capacity, BMC7 (OH- as meq kg-1 needed to raise soil pH to 7), was determined graphically from curves obtained in KOH titration (at a constant ionic strength of I = 0.1). In 84 soil samples, BMC7 amounted to 0—316 meq kg-1, being highest in the heavy clay soils and lowest in the non-clay soils. In different textural groups, BMC7 seemed most markedly to be dependent on the initial soil pH, followed by organic C or oxalate soluble Al, in the coarser clays also on clay content. The results evidence that in determination of lime requirement, attention should be paid to the capacity of soil acidity. In routine soil testing, detailed lime recommendations for various soil types are needed.

scholarly journals Trace element contents of plants as a function of readily soluble soil trace elements

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Mikko Sillanpää ◽  
Esko Lakanen
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Trace Element Contents ◽  
Element Contents ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Groups

The use of acid ammonium acetate (pH 4.65) as an extractant for plant available trace elements (Mg included) was studied on a total of 216 soil samples and of timothy samples from corresponding sites. Significant correlations between the results of soil and plant analyses were obtained for the eight elements studied in following soil groups: (1) Clay soils: Ni, Co, Cu (2) Coarse mineral soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mo (3) Mineral soils (Groups 1 + 2): Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mo, Zn (4) Organogenic soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mn (5) Whole material: Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn.

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