Studies of the rooting of cuttings of Hydrangea macrophylla: enzyme changes

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Molnar ◽  
L. J. LaCroix
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Hydrangea Macrophylla ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Enzyme changes in root initials of Hydrangea macrophylla during adventitious root formation are described. Extensive changes in enzyme activity were demonstrated by histochemical staining and all enzymes investigated showed increased activity in the tissue responsible for root initiation.The earliest change observed was that of peroxidase in the phloem and xylem ray cells. This was followed by a change in the activity of cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase. Alpha-amylase was localized by the substrate film method. The highest amylase activity was demonstrated in the epidermal tissues and vascular bundles. As the root primordia developed, enzyme activity shifted from the vascular bundles to the periphery of the bundles. A positive correlation was found between the starch content and root number of cuttings.

Peroxidase activity during adventitious root formation in avocado microcuttings

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1522-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa García-Gómez ◽  
Carolina Sánchez-Romero ◽  
Antonio Heredia ◽  
Fernando Pliego-Alfaro ◽  
Araceli Barceló-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Root Primordia ◽  
Strong Reaction ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Soluble Peroxidase ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings

Peroxidases seem to play an important role in the regulation of auxin levels during the rooting of cuttings. In avocado, leaf peroxidase activity remained constant throughout the rooting process in the three fractions analyzed (soluble, ionically, and covalently bound to cell wall). Soluble peroxidase activity in stem basal parts increased twofold after 3 days and then remained constant until the end of the process. Cationic and anionic electrophoresis revealed a lower number of isoenzymes in the stems than in the leaves. Histological stainings at stem basal parts were also carried out to localize the enzyme activity. Peroxidase was active in all tissues at the time the cutting was taken, with vascular bundles and epidermis giving the strongest reactions. During the process of root formation peroxidase activity was closely associated with growth and differentiation processes, e.g., cambial cell division and xylogenesis; a strong reaction was also found in the developing root primordia. The possible role of peroxidases in the regulation of auxin levels during the rooting process in avocado is discussed. Key words: auxin, avocado, peroxidase, rooting.

Studies of the rooting of cuttings of Hydrangea macrophylla: DNA and protein changes

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Molnar ◽  
L. J. LaCroix
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Hydrangea Macrophylla ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
To Come ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

The anatomy of root initiation of Hydrangea macrophylla and associated changes in protein and DNA synthesis during adventitious root formation are described. Observations showed that adventitious roots originated from preformed root initials in the phloem ray parenchyma cells. The roots appeared 10 to 12 days after the cuttings were made.The total protein content of the root initials increased over 100% in the first 4 days, while there was no rapid increase in DNA content of the cells until the sixth day. The estimated mean content of total protein per cell stabilized on or before the sixth day from the time the cuttings were made, and thenceforth appeared to come into equilibrium with the rate of cell division.

COMPARISON OF RED AND WHITE VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLES OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF PRIMATES

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. BEATTY ◽  
G. M. BASINGER ◽  
C. C. DULLY ◽  
R. M. BOCEK
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Male Rhesus ◽  
Quadratus Femoris ◽  
Sirius Red

There was a direct correlation between the qualitative histochemical classification by staining intensity for succinic dehydrogenase and the quantitative measurements of succinic dehydrogenase activity for the quadratus femoris (red), soleus (red), sartorius (predominantly red) and the superficial portion of the brachioradialis (predominantly white) muscles of the rhesus monkey. The relative succinic dehydrogenase activities were quadratus femoris > soleus > sartorius > brachioradialis, the quadratus femoris having 7 times more enzyme activity than the brachioradialis. The sartorius of male rhesus monkeys had a higher enzyme activity than that of the female. Muscle samples were stained with sirius red and graded for amounts of connective tissue as follows: soleus < sartorius < brachioradialis. These histochemical results were verified by chemical analyses. The soleus, sartorius and brachioradialis from 10 other species of primates had the same relative succinic dehydrogenase activities and histochemical staining patterns as the rhesus.

Cerebral enzyme changes and tolerance to anoxia during maturation in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cassin ◽  
C. S. Herron
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Oxidative Enzyme ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Oxidative Enzyme Activity ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Newborn rabbits tolerate 30–35 min of anoxia; adult rabbits withstand anoxia for 3–5 min. To gain more information concerning mechanisms of resistance of the newborn mammal to anoxia as compared with the adult, changes in cerebral succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities were studied in rabbits varying in age from less than 24 hr to adulthood. Succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities were very low at birth, but gradually increased until 15–18 days postnatally. Between 15–18 days a "critical period" in the development of these enzymes was reached; adult levels of activity were attained. It is also at this critical period in time that the tolerance of the developing rabbit to anoxia becomes as poor as that of the adult. The increase in oxidative enzyme activity is in agreement with the hypothesis that the metabolism of the mammal is transformed from predominantly anaerobic at birth to aerobic with maturation.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE DESORPTION AND READSORPTION OF ALDOLASE IN CROSS-STRIATED MUSCLE

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. ARNOLD ◽  
J. NOLTE ◽  
D. PETTE
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Psoas Muscle ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Intracellular Location ◽  
Successive Extraction ◽  
Complete Extraction

Complete extraction of aldolase from minced rabbit psoas muscle was achieved by successive extraction steps in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Aldolase was then readsorbed quantitatively to the depleted myofibrils. Extraction, readsorption and a final redsorption of the enzyme were followed quantitatively by enzyme activity determinations and qualitatively by histochemical staining of aldolase. The intracellular location of the readsorbed enzyme was found to be identical with that of aldolase in native muscle. In both cases, aldolase was localized within the isotropic bands. These results as well as the previously demonstrated binding of the enzyme to F-actin suggest that aldolase is located within the interfilamentary sarcoplasm of the isotropic bands and is probably also bound in vivo to the actin filaments.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ISOLATED PANCREATIC ISLETS OF MAMMALS

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claes Hellerström ◽  
Bo Hellman
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Isolated Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Insulin Synthesis ◽  
Dipeptidase Activity

ABSTRACT Microtitrimetric assays of dipeptidase activity were performed in isolated pancreatic islet tissue from mice. Considerable enzyme activity was found in both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas of normal mice, the enzyme level of the exocrine parenchyma being significantly higher. In obesehyperglycaemic mice with free access to food, isolated islets of Langerhans had a much higher enzyme activity than in normal animals. The increased islet dipeptidase activity in the obese-hyperglycaemic animals may, at least in part, be accounted for by their higher proportion of B cells. The intense insulin synthesis and renewal of B cells in these animals have been considered as alternative explanations. Histochemical staining for leucine aminopeptidase revealed a moderate enzyme reaction in both the endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissue of normal and obese-hyperglycaemic mice.

scholarly journals Adventitious Root Formation in Stem Cuttings of Quercus bicolor and Quercus macrocarpa and Its Relationship to Stem Anatomy

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Naalamle Amissah ◽  
Dominick J. Paolillo ◽  
Nina Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Adventitious Root Formation ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Primordia ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Indole Butyric Acid ◽  
Quercus Macrocarpa ◽  
Quercus Bicolor

This study investigated the relationship of stem anatomy to differences in rooting ability between Quercus bicolor Wild. and Quercus macrocarpa Michx. cuttings. Quercus bicolor cuttings were found to have a significantly greater proportion of parenchymatous gaps in the sclerenchyma sheath over a 9-week period compared with Q. macrocarpa cuttings. In Q. macrocarpa, the percentage gap was generally low, coinciding with the low percentage rooting observed in this species. Percentage rooting correlated well (r2 = 0.75) with the percentage parenchymatous gap in the perivascular region of Q. bicolor cuttings. The problems with accepting this relationship as causal are stated in the discussion. Untreated cuttings showed normal stem organization: a dermal tissue system that included the initial stages of phellem formation, a cortex, and a ring of closely arranged vascular bundles in early stages of secondary growth. The locations of the five distinct lobes of the pith were coordinated with the locations of root primordia. Callus growth was first detected in the cortex (i.e., external to the fiber bundles), followed by proliferation within the phloem, opposite the lobes of the pith, 8 to 12 days after cuttings were treated with indole butyric acid (6000 mg·L−1 dissolved in 50% v/v ethanol in water). By 14 to 16 days, root primordia had developed within the proliferative tissue in the secondary phloem. In both species, root primordia penetrated parenchymatous gaps in the fiber sheath directly, the fiber bundles being displaced laterally as the roots increased in size.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF INFECTION WITH M. TUBERCULOSIS AND OF TUBERCULIN SHOCK ON THE SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF GUINEA PIG TISSUES

1953 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Chaudhuri ◽  
Samuel P. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Tissue Extract ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
H37rv Strain ◽  
Sublethal Doses

The kidney of guinea pigs infected with the H37Rv and BCG strains of M. tuberculosis showed a diminution in succinic dehydrogenase activity when measured by the tetrazolium technique. This effect was also seen in the liver and spleen of animals infected with the BCG strain. Sensitized animals showed similar results when given tuberculin in sublethal doses. The succinic oxidase was also low in the kidneys of animals infected with the H37Rv strain. The depressed enzyme activity of the tissues of infected animals could be restored to normal by addition of normal tissue extract or dialysate. This suggests that the alteration in tissue metabolism observed in tuberculosis may depend upon the loss of some as yet unidentified factor important for succinic dehydrogenase activity.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ISOLATED PANCREATIC ISLETS OF MAMMALS: ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN NORMAL AND OBESE-HYPERGLYCEMIC MICE

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
INGE-BERT TÄLJEDAL ◽  
BO HELLMAN ◽  
CLAES HELLERSTRÖM
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Isolated Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Substrate Cleavage ◽  
Substrate Medium

Microchemical and histochemical methods were used for the characterization, localization and assay of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) splitting enzymes in homogenates and sections of the endocrine pancreas from obese-hyperglycemic mice and their lean litter mates. The following observations were made: 1. Dephosphorylation of ATP was maximal at pH 9.1. It was strongly stimulated by magnesium ions at an optimal concentration of 1 mM. ATP cleavage was inhibited by adenosine diphosphate, sodium azide and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. The addition of l-cysteine, sodium cyanide or sodium fluoride to the substrate medium had no effect on the enzyme activity. Substitution of ATP by equimolar amounts of other phosphate esters in the medium considerably reduced the substrate cleavage. These results are taken as evidence for the presence of sulfhydryl-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in the islet tissue. 2. Histochemical staining revealed a strong ATP splitting enzyme activity in the capillaries and walls of larger blood vessels throughout the pancreas; a rather weak and diffuse cytoplasmic reaction being found in the islet cells. 3. Microchemical assays revealed a lower cleavage of ATP in the islets as compared with the exocrine pancreas and the liver. The cleavage of ATP was more intense in the islets of the obese-hyperglycemic mice than in those of the lean litter mates. 4. Starvation for 7 days induced no significant changes in the enzyme activity of the endocrine pancreas.

The properties of acidic compartments in developing schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. AL-ADHAMI ◽  
J. THORNHILL ◽  
A. AKHKHA ◽  
M. J. DOENHOFF ◽  
J. R. KUSEL
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Percentage Area ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
Energy Dependent ◽  
Acidic Compartments ◽  
Phosphatase Enzyme

A variety of fluorescent probes have been used to study the acidic compartments in cercariae and schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni. Freshly transformed schistosomula treated with the LysoTracker Red dye specific for lysosomes showed large acid-containing compartments (0·5–10 μm in size). The uptake of the dye is an energy-dependent process that depends on the metabolic activity of schistosomula. The compartments were quantified individually with respect to area, quantity of fluorescence and the total number/schistosomulum. Under normal conditions these compartments were not found in untreated cercariae, but appeared in cercariae slightly damaged by poly-L-lysine. The formation of these compartments seemed to be related to the development of cercariae into schistosomula as the number of compartments and uptake of fluorescence increased with time after transformation. Also, the method of transformation as well as thein vitroincubation of the parasite affected the percentage area of compartments/schistosomulum. Acid phosphatase enzyme activity was assessed using an endogenous phosphatase probe. Living and fixed schistosomula displayed the presence of enzyme activity in compartments of the same size and distribution as the acid-rich compartments. This was confirmed by histochemical staining showing deposition of enzyme-generated lead at the sites of phosphatase activity. We suggest that the development of acidic compartments is important during the transformation process or as a consequence of damage.

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