Development of Cronartium comandrae in Comandra umbellata
Infection of bastard toadflax by aeciospores of the comandra rust fungus appeared to occur through stomata. Within 3–4 days substomatal hyphae began ramifying into intercellular spaces between mesophyll cells. On the 5th day small chlorotic spots were visible with a 10 × hand lens and within 9 days, yellow uredial pustules were visible to the unaided eye. Uredia maturation proceeded via a palisade-like arrangement of cells to form basal cells, uredial initials, stalk cells, and urediospores, successively. By the 5th day haustoria began forming and by the 9th day were numerous, developing into a variety of sizes and shapes. Several layers of immature urediospores were also produced. By the 20th day host mesophyll cells became slightly compacted in the vicinity of the pustule and intercellular spaces were packed with fungal mycelium. After 25 days, the host cells in the base of the pustule became visibly disorganized and a central core of hyphae had developed in the base of most pustules, severely misshaping some host cells. Between 25 and 28 days most pustule membranes had ruptured and urediospores were liberated. Telia began to form in the former uredia by the 32nd day after inoculation.