Population dynamics of woody plants on a river island

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Successional Species

The woody plant population on a small, frequently flooded, river island was studied. The island occurs on the Chippewa River near Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The major species included sandbar willow (Salix interior, Rowlee), a small shrub; Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) and river birch (Betula nigra L.), both early successional species in river bottoms; and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh), and American elm (Ulmus americana L.) which are later successional species. Seedling input is sporadic and unpredictable. However, mortality rates of successfully established plants are quite low because of their ability to sprout following damage. The resultant clones may exhibit differing growth patterns. Willow extends laterally into adjacent unoccupied areas, thereby increasing its cover. It tends to be most abundant in the low, frequently flooded parts of the island and is predicted to continue to increase in abundance. Others, such as elm and silver maple, produce fewer sprouts which grow directly from the root crown and attain greater heights but do not spread into new areas. These species occur at higher elevations and are also predicted to increase in numbers. Still other species, such as green ash and Cottonwood, are so severely damaged by recurring beaver cutting that their normal growth form is greatly modified and their future uncertain.

Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.

NURSERY PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED SHADE-TREE SPECIES GROWN IN "FIELD-GROW" FABRIC CONTAINERS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-343
Author(s):  
W. R. REMPHREY ◽  
S. R. RIMMER ◽  
M. J. BLOUW
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Acer Saccharinum ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Bare Root

Performance of bare-root stock of Patmore green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), Dropmore basswood (Tilia × flavescens A. Br.) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) growing in two sizes of "Field-grow" in-the-ground fabric containers (46-cm and 56-cm diameter) was compared with uncontainerized controls over a 4-yr period. Root systems of Field-grow plants examined were more fibrous; feeder roots penetrating the container wall were swollen adjacent to it. Large roots, especially of silver maple, also penetrated the seam between the side walls and plastic bottom. Field-grow silver maple and ash grew progressively less than control plants on or after the first growing season, indicating diminutive effect of the containers. Basswood, which was slower to establish, showed no such response until the fourth growing season.Key words: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ’Patmore’, Tilia flavescens ’Dropmore’, Acer saccharinum, nursery production, "Field-grow" containers

The effects of altered hydrologic regime on tree growth along the Missouri River in North Dakota

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2410-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy W. Reily ◽  
W. Carter Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
Hydrologic Regime ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Quercus Macrocarpa ◽  
Seasonal Streamflow

Increment cores were collected to examine effects of changed hydrologic regime on radial growth of floodplain trees downstream of Garrison Dam. Alterations in seasonal streamflow patterns, near elimination of over-bank flooding, and apparent lowering of the water table during the early growing season following completion of the dam in 1953 were implicated in the significant decline in postdam growth of Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer negundo, and Quercus macrocarpa. The measured decline in Populus deltoides growth was not statistically significant. Trees on terraces at the edge of the floodplain that received concentrated runoff from upland ravines (e.g., Quercus macrocarpa) and those with deep root systems (e.g., P. deltoides) on low terraces close to the water table were least affected. The most pronounced change in tree growth occurred on high terraces that received little upland runoff (e.g., U. americana, A. negundo). Multiple regression analysis for P. deltoides growth showed a distinct change from correlation with spring streamflow in the predam period to correlation with rainfall parameters in the postdam period. Growth of P. deltoides and Q. macrocarpa on reference sites unaffected by damming of the Missouri River increased significantly in the postdam period.

scholarly journals 3D enamel profilometry reveals faster growth but similar stress severity in Neanderthal versus Homo sapiens teeth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate McGrath ◽  
Laura Sophia Limmer ◽  
Annabelle-Louise Lockey ◽  
Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg ◽  
Donald J. Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Anterior Teeth

AbstractEarly life stress disrupts growth and creates horizontal grooves on the tooth surface in humans and other mammals, yet there is no consensus for their quantitative analysis. Linear defects are considered to be nonspecific stress indicators, but evidence suggests that intermittent, severe stressors create deeper defects than chronic, low-level stressors. However, species-specific growth patterns also influence defect morphology, with faster-growing teeth having shallower defects at the population level. Here we describe a method to measure the depth of linear enamel defects and normal growth increments (i.e., perikymata) from high-resolution 3D topographies using confocal profilometry and apply it to a diverse sample of Homo neanderthalensis and H. sapiens anterior teeth. Debate surrounds whether Neanderthals exhibited modern human-like growth patterns in their teeth and other systems, with some researchers suggesting that they experienced more severe childhood stress. Our results suggest that Neanderthals have shallower features than H. sapiens from the Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic, and medieval eras, mirroring the faster growth rates in Neanderthal anterior teeth. However, when defect depth is scaled by perikymata depth to assess their severity, Neolithic humans have less severe defects, while Neanderthals and the other H. sapiens groups show evidence of more severe early life growth disruptions.

scholarly journals Modelling growth curves of the normal infant’s mandible: 3D measurements using computed tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Aart M. Schipper ◽  
Manouk J. S. van Lieshout ◽  
Stefan Böhringer ◽  
Bonnie L. Padwa ◽  
Simon G. F. Robben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Mandibular Ramus ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Gonial Angle ◽  
Mandibular Body

Abstract Objectives Data on normal mandibular development in the infant is lacking though essential to understand normal growth patterns and to discriminate abnormal growth. The aim of this study was to provide normal linear measurements of the mandible using computed tomography performed in infants from 0 to 2 years of age. Material and methods 3D voxel software was used to calculate mandibular body length, mandibular ramus length, bicondylar width, bigonial width and the gonial angle. Intra- and inter-rater reliability was assessed for these measurements. They were found to be sufficient for all distances; intra-class correlation coefficients were all above 0.9. Regression analysis for growth modelling was performed. Results In this multi-centre retrospective study, 109 CT scans were found eligible that were performed for various reasons (e.g. trauma, craniosynostosis, craniofacial abscesses). Craniosynostosis patients had larger mandibular measurements compared to non-craniosynostosis patients and were therefore excluded. Fifty-one CT scans were analysed. Conclusions Analysis showed that the mandible increases more in size vertically (the mandibular ramus) than horizontally (the mandibular body). Most of the mandibular growth occurs in the first 6 months. Clinical relevance These growth models provide insight into normal mandibular development in the first 2 years of life. This reference data facilitates discrimination between normal and abnormal mandibular growth.

Ethylene production and morphological adaptation of woody plants to flooding

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1659-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Ethylene Content

Seedlings of Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Melaleuca quinquenervia, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis exhibited greater morphological adaptation to flooding than did Eucalyptus globulus or Pinus halepensis seedlings. Formation of hypertrophied lenticels and production of adventitious roots on submerged portions of stems were characteristic of the flood-tolerant species only. Ethylene production was greatly stimulated by the flooding of all species except P. halepensis. In flooded F. pennsylvanica seedlings ethylene production was higher in stems with well-developed hypertrophy than in those without stem hypertrophy. Lack of a vertical gradient in ethylene content of the stems of flooded Eucalyptus plants indicated either that waterlogging of soil indirectly stimulated ethylene production in stems above the waterline or that ethylene was translocated upward from submerged portions of stems. Application of indoleacetic acid stimulated ethylene producton in submerged portions of M. quinquenervia and U. americana stems. The data indicate an important role for ethylene in the morphological adaptation of woody plants to flooding. The additional involvement of several other compounds in such adaptation is discussed.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

Instruments for Anthropometry

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-979
Author(s):  
Helen B. Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
Interpupillary Distance ◽  
Valuable Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Physically Handicapped

exhibit various deviations from normal growth patterns. Anthropometry is a valuable method of studying these physically handicapped children. The December 1969 issue of Pediatrics (44:973) published my paper called "Objective Measurement of Interpupillary Distance. Objective Measurement of Interpupillary Distance." Following this a general interest in the subject has prompted a number of doctors to ask where they can buy sliding and spreading calipers to do the measurements described and also other head and face measurements.

scholarly journals SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF SHELTERBELT TREES AT THREE SPACINGS

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
W. H. Cram ◽  
G. A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Acer Negundo ◽  
Caragana Arborescens ◽  
Survival And Growth

Seedlings of Caragana arborescens Lam., Acer Negundo L., Ulmus americana L., Populus deltoides Bartr. and Fraxinus p. lanceolata Sarg. were planted in 3-row shelterbelts at spacings of 4, 8, and 16 feet at the Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Data for stand and height are presented after 17 years of growth. Survival of caragana, maple, and ash were not materially influenced by Spacing, but that of elm increased from 91 to 100% and of cottonwood from 0 to 25%, as spacings increased from 4 to 16 feet. Caragana was outstanding with 100% survival at all spacings. Maximum height of caragana and ash (15 and 19 feet, respectively) was obtained at the 8-foot spacings; while that of maple and elm (23 and 26 feet) was obtained at the 16-foot spacing.

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