Adventitious rooting of four Salicaceae species in response to a flooding event

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2597-2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne E. Krasny ◽  
John C. Zasada ◽  
Kristiina A. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Flooding Event ◽  
The Mean

The ability to form adventitious roots in response to a flooding event was examined in three floodplain species, sandbar willow (Salix interior Rowlee), feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Cov.), and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), and one upland species, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in interior Alaska. The mean number of adventitious roots formed per seedling was 7, 5, 2, and 0 for sandbar willow, feltleaf willow, balsam poplar, and trembling aspen, respectively. The ability to form adventitious roots was related to the distribution of the species on the floodplain.

Photosynthetic and morphological responses of white birch, balsam poplar, and trembling aspen to freezing and artificial defoliation

Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Steve Colombo ◽  
Junlin Li ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Morphological Responses ◽  
Spring Frosts

Comparative stress resistance of 1-year-old white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) seedlings was evaluated after exposure to freezing or defoliation. Photosynthesis in leaves surviving freezing (−5 °C) declined immediately after treatment, but nearly fully recovered within 3 weeks. Defoliation did not significantly increase photosynthesis in the remaining leaves. Refoliation occurred after freezing that killed terminal shoots and released current buds from apical dominance, while new leaves of larger size were produced through continuous growth of terminal shoots in 50% or 100% defoliation. Freezing and complete defoliation significantly reduced diameter and height growth in all species, whereas 50% defoliation did not affect growth. These results indicate some of the physiological and morphological responses to foliage loss in broadleaved boreal species that can help to maintain growth and productivity under a warming climate, which may result in more frequent damaging spring frosts and insect defoliation.

FUNGI AND DECAY IN ASPEN AND BALSAM POPLAR IN THE BOREAL FOREST REGION, ALBERTA

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Thomas ◽  
D. E. Etheridge ◽  
Glen Paul
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Boreal Forest Region

Examination of 835 living trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and 527 balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) on 47 sample plots of mixed-wood forest of the Boreal Forest Region, Alberta, showed 73% of the aspen and 61% of the balsam poplar to be decayed. Additional trees of both species were infected by stain-producing fungi. The incidence of infection in aspen decreased from mesic sites to dry sites, while that for balsam poplar was about the same in mesic and wet sites. Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx was the first ranking fungus in both hosts in terms of associated decay. It had the greatest incidence of all fungi in aspen but ranked third to Pholiota spectabilis (Fr.) Quél. and Polyporus aduslus Willd. ex Fr. in balsam poplar. Corticium polygonium Pers. and Radulum casearium (Morg.) Lloyd together caused about as much decay in aspen as did Fomes igniarius, although neither fungus occurred in balsam poplar. Contrary to its generally low incidence in balsam poplar, Pholiota destruens (Brond.) Quél. caused most of the decay in this host, excepting that ascribed to Fomes igniarius. Pholiola destruens did not occur in aspen. Many fungi caused both basal and stem infections in both hosts, while few caused infections of one type only. Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Quél. caused the greatest number of basal infections in aspen but was exceeded by Pholiota spectabilis in balsam poplar. The greatest amount of butt decay was ascribed to Phlebia strigosozonala (Schw.) Lloyd in aspen and to Pholiota spectabilis in balsam poplar. The overall losses of volume due to decay were 25% and 10%, respectively, for aspen and balsam poplar.

scholarly journals Foliar Penetration of Picloram and 2,4-D in Aspen and Balsam Poplar

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Sharma ◽  
W. H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Added surfactant (Atlox 210) at 1% (v/v) and high relative humidity enhanced the penetration of both 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) into detached leaves of aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The influence of added surfactant was greater for picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D than for the ethyl or butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D. Penetration of picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D occurred more readily from the abaxial than from adaxial surfaces of leaves. The ethyl ester of 2,4-D penetrated equally readily from both leaf surfaces. Penetration of picloram and the dimethylamine of 2,4-D from the adaxial surface of leaves occurred readily in young leaves in early June. There was an increase in penetration in early July followed by a decrease in August and September to a level equal to or less than that in June. Penetration from the abaxial surface of leaves was nearly equal in June and July, but there was a gradual decrease in August and September. An increase in temperature from 10 to 25.5 or to 40.5 C resulted in a sharp increase in penetration of both picloram and 2,4-D under both low and high relative humidity. Autoradiographic evidence showed that movement of picloram within the leaf also was much more extensive at the higher temperatures. Partial removal of cuticular waxes from the adaxial surface of leaves with chloroform resulted in up to four-fold increases in penetration of picloram and 2,4-D. Differences in penetration rate of picloram between leaves of aspen poplar and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) did not account for reported differences in susceptibility between these two species.

Trembling aspen, balsam poplar, and white birch respond differently to experimental warming in winter months

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1469-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Steve Colombo ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Junlin Li ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Experimental Warming ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Increased Risk

Climatic warming may increase temperature variability, especially in winter months, leading to increased risk of early loss of cold hardiness and therefore freezing damage. In this study, changes in cold hardiness (measured based on electrolyte leakage), budbreak, and survival were used to indicate the responses of seedlings of 3 boreal broadleaf species [Formula: see text] trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), balsam poplar (P. balsamifera L.), and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) [Formula: see text] to experimental warming. Seedling responses were greater in winter (January) and spring (March) than fall (November), and were greater in trembling aspen and balsam poplar than white birch. Warming for 5 or 10 days at 16 °C day/–2 °C night with a 10-h photoperiod in winter and spring generally reduced cold hardiness. Combined with freezing temperatures in the postwarming ambient environment, this reduction increased seedling mortality and stem dieback and extended time to budbreak. Cold hardiness increased somewhat 10 days after seedlings were returned to the outdoor environment following warming in spring, when ambient temperatures were less damaging. The resistance of white birch to warming, likely because of its greater thermal requirement for budbreak and slower natural dehardening, suggests that this species is better suited to withstand increasing winter temperature variability that might occur under climate change. To improve the accuracy of phenological modelling, the effects of winter freezing on budbreak should be factored in.

scholarly journals First Report of Ceratocystis fimbriata Infecting Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera)

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 879-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vujanovic ◽  
Marc St.-Arnaud ◽  
Denis Charlebois ◽  
Elisabeth Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽  
First Report ◽  
Balsam Poplar

This is the first report of Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. (Ophiostomatales) (anamorph: Chalara sp. (Corda) Rabenh.) associated with symptoms of perennial canker on small branches and wilt of leaves and twigs on balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.). The fungus is known to occur on trembling aspen (P. tremuloides Michx.) (1) throughout the mountainous West and extends eastward to Quebec and Pennsylvania (2).These tree species are common in the boreal and Rocky Mountain areas of North America. In April 1999, the disease was observed on cuttings (15 × 1 cm) collected from the terminal branches of young balsam poplar trees (h = 4.5 m) near Baie Comeau located 350 km northeast of Quebec City (48°61′, 68°21′), Quebec, Canada. Apparently healthy cuttings were potted in a soil mix (peat moss and vermiculite, 3:1 vol:vol), grown in a greenhouse at 22 ± 1°C and watered twice a week. About 2 weeks after bud break, a number of cuttings were symptomatic, showing necrotic bark lesions and cankers, discoloration and wilting of leaves, and reddish brown exudate surrounding leaf petioles. During the following two weeks, 22% of the cuttings died (212 out of 958). The fungus was isolated from diseased cuttings on 2% MEA (malt extract agar), from the necrotic bark around active cankers (2 × 1 cm), from brown to black streaks found in vascular tissue, and from the ascomata found on the canker margin and inconspicuous necrotic roots. From necrotic petioles, one other opportunistic fungus, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud, was occasionally isolated. The inoculum for infection of the balsam poplar may have originated from neighboring trembling aspen trees. We believe that C. fimbriata could have a negative impact on reforestation efforts unless phytosanitary inspections are made of the planting stock. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) W. A. Sinclair et al. 1993. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 3rd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

scholarly journals Widespread mortality of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) throughout interior Alaskan boreal forests resulting from a novel canker disease

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250078
Author(s):  
Roger W. Ruess ◽  
Loretta M. Winton ◽  
Gerard C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Interior Alaska ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Paper Birch

Over the past several decades, growth declines and mortality of trembling aspen throughout western Canada and the United States have been linked to drought, often interacting with outbreaks of insects and fungal pathogens, resulting in a “sudden aspen decline” throughout much of aspen’s range. In 2015, we noticed an aggressive fungal canker causing widespread mortality of aspen throughout interior Alaska and initiated a study to quantify potential drivers for the incidence, virulence, and distribution of the disease. Stand-level infection rates among 88 study sites distributed across 6 Alaska ecoregions ranged from <1 to 69%, with the proportion of trees with canker that were dead averaging 70% across all sites. The disease is most prevalent north of the Alaska Range within the Tanana Kuskokwim ecoregion. Modeling canker probability as a function of ecoregion, stand structure, landscape position, and climate revealed that smaller-diameter trees in older stands with greater aspen basal area have the highest canker incidence and mortality, while younger trees in younger stands appear virtually immune to the disease. Sites with higher summer vapor pressure deficits had significantly higher levels of canker infection and mortality. We believe the combined effects of this novel fungal canker pathogen, drought, and the persistent aspen leaf miner outbreak are triggering feedbacks between carbon starvation and hydraulic failure that are ultimately driving widespread mortality. Warmer early-season temperatures and prolonged late summer drought are leading to larger and more severe wildfires throughout interior Alaska that are favoring a shift from black spruce to forests dominated by Alaska paper birch and aspen. Widespread aspen mortality fostered by this rapidly spreading pathogen has significant implications for successional dynamics, ecosystem function, and feedbacks to disturbance regimes, particularly on sites too dry for Alaska paper birch.

Differences in initial root development and soil conditions affect establishment of trembling aspen and balsam poplar seedlings

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Wolken ◽  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers ◽  
Miles F. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poplar Seedlings

Three studies examined the establishment and early growth of trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) and balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera L.) from seed. To better understand the differences in initial developmental patterns between both species, we monitored germination and early growth in a washed sand medium with a balanced fertilizer added. Two additional studies used the Ae, Bm, and Bt horizons of a Brunisolic Gray Luvisol soil to test the impact of different soil horizons and conditions (compaction and moisture) on the establishment and early growth of trembling aspen and balsam poplar seedlings. Balsam poplar had faster radicle and leaf area development than trembling aspen and grew similarly in all soil horizons, while trembling aspen only grew well in the Ae horizon, where it outgrew balsam poplar. The superior growth of trembling aspen in the Ae horizon was associated with higher P and organic C relative to the lower horizons. Although germination was lowest on the low-compaction – low-moisture treatment for both species, balsam poplar establishment and early growth were higher than for trembling aspen in all combinations of compaction and moisture. Compared with trembling aspen, the wider establishment niche of balsam poplar is attributed to its faster root development and ability to grow in a range of soil substrates and conditions.

THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM IONS AND pH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALLUS TISSUE ON STEM CUTTINGS OF BALSAM POPLAR

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. H. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Pectic Acid ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Surface Failure ◽  
Alkaline Calcium

This paper presents a comparative anatomical study of callus tissue produced on stem cuttings of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) grown in distilled water and in saturated solutions of CaSO4 from 6.0 to 11.0 pH. Striking differences in callus morphology, hardness, and cellular structure were observed. The fact that acidity retards and alkalinity accelerates the rate of calcification suggests that calcification or hardening of the middle lamellae could be a function of the rate at which the pectic acid component is neutralized.The emergence and subsequent growth of adventitious roots decreased markedly with increasing alkalinity, until at pH 11.0 most callus masses appeared to be rootless. However, sectioning usually revealed a well-developed root embedded some distance below the surface. Failure of most adventitious roots to emerge in a strongly alkaline calcium solution was attributed to the hard compact nature of the surrounding callus.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF HERBAGE IN A SILVERBERRY (ELAEAGNUS COMMUTATA) COMMUNITY COMPARED TO ADJACENT GRASSLAND AND FOREST COMMUNITIES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-808
Author(s):  
GARY L. WHYSONG ◽  
ARTHUR W. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Lacustrine Clay

Production and nitrogen content of herbage growing under the nitrogen-fixing shrub silverberry (Elaeagnus commutata Bernh.) was compared with that in adjacent grassland and aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) forest communities. The soil was an outwash sand over lacustrine clay and a water table was present. The greatest cover and highest production of desirable forage plants, particularly Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), occurred in the silverberry community. The percentage nitrogen in grass and sedge (Carex spp.), forbs and baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.) was higher under silverberry than in the grassland. Similar results occurred when the silverberry and poplar communities were compared, with the exception of baltic rush which demonstrated no difference in percentage nitrogen. There was no difference in herbage production between the grassland and silverberry communities, but the change in vegetative composition and the increased nitrogen content made the forage in the silverberry community more desirable for grazing livestock. The shrub silverberry was beneficial to the growth of desirable forages, whereas aspen and balsam poplar in the forest community reduced herbage production by 63% on these rangelands. Poplar stands growing adjacent to silverberry stands had higher tree production, higher percentage nitrogen in leaves and litter and a greater quantity of nitrogen in above-ground parts than in poplar stands growing a distance away from silverberry.

scholarly journals Ethylene enhances root water transport and aquaporin expression in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) exposed to root hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangfeng Tan ◽  
Mengmeng Liu ◽  
Ning Du ◽  
Janusz J. Zwiazek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Root Hypoxia ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

Abstract Background Root hypoxia has detrimental effects on physiological processes and growth in most plants. The effects of hypoxia can be partly alleviated by ethylene. However, the tolerance mechanisms contributing to the ethylene-mediated hypoxia tolerance in plants remain poorly understood. Results In this study, we examined the effects of root hypoxia and exogenous ethylene treatments on leaf gas exchange, root hydraulic conductance, and the expression levels of several aquaporins of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein group (PIP) in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings. Ethylene enhanced net photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and root hydraulic conductance in hypoxic plants. Of the two subgroups of PIPs (PIP1 and PIP2), the protein abundance of PIP2s and the transcript abundance of PIP2;4 and PIP2;5 were higher in ethylene-treated trembling aspen roots compared with non-treated roots under hypoxia. The increases in the expression levels of these aquaporins could potentially facilitate root water transport. The enhanced root water transport by ethylene was likely responsible for the increase in leaf gas exchange of the hypoxic plants. Conclusions Exogenous ethylene enhanced root water transport and the expression levels of PIP2;4 and PIP2;5 in hypoxic roots of trembling aspen. The results suggest that ethylene facilitates the aquaporin-mediated water transport in plants exposed to root hypoxia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document