Cytokinin effects on pollen embryogenesis in cultured anthers of Hyoscyamus niger

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raghavan ◽  
R. Nagmani
Keyword(s):  
Callus Formation ◽  
Generative Cell ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Pollen Embryogenesis ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine

Addition of the cytokinins, benzylaminopurine, N6-Δ-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine, kinetin, zeatin, and zeatin riboside to a basal medium containing mineral salts and sucrose induced characteristic changes in pollen embryogenesis in cultured anthers and anther segments of Hyoscyamus niger. In anthers cultured in media containing 0.01–10.0 mg/L of each cytokinin, there was a progressive delay in the appearance of plantlets outside the anther locule and in the morphology of plantlets formed. Among the cytokinins tested, only zeatin riboside promoted anther efficiency; however, all compounds reduced pollen efficiency by as much as 40–60% of the control even in the lowest concentration tested. The effects of cytokinins were particularly noticeable in the failure of pollen grains to form embryoids by the division of the generative cell and in the decrease in the number of embryoids formed by the division of both generative and vegetative cells. At the morphogenetic level, embryoids formed in media containing cytokinins displayed various abnormalities such as precocious elongation of the root apex, cotyledon expansion, and callus formation on the cotyledons, hypocotyl, and root. During their subsequent growth, calluses induced on embryoids by benzylaminopurine, N6-Δ-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine, zeatin, and zeatin riboside formed somatic embryos that recapitulated stages of zygotic embryogenesis. Globular and heart-shaped embryoids, which did not develop further, were frequently observed on kinetin-induced pollen callus; the callus also regenerated leafy shoots by organogenesis. Addition of adenine to the medium did not have any effect on pollen embryogenesis in cultured anthers of H. niger.

Protein synthetic activity during normal pollen development and during induced pollen embryogenesis in Hyoscyamus niger

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2493-2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Cell ◽  
Generative Cell ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Pollen Embryogenesis ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Pollen Maturation ◽  
Germinating Pollen

Protein synthetic activity during maturation, germination, and embryogenic phases of pollen grains of Hyoscyamus niger (L.) was investigated by means of autoradiography of incorporation of [3H]arginine, [3H]leucine, [3H]lysine, and [3H]tryptophan. Silver grain counts showed that during pollen maturation, peaks of incorporation of [3H]arginine and [3H]lysine occurred before the onset of vacuolation in the uninucleate pollen grains and as starch accumulation was initiated in the bicellular pollen grains. In the latter, labeled amino acids were mostly incorporated into the vegetative cell and very little appeared in the generative cell. [3H]leucine and [3H]tryptophan were not incorporated into uninucleate pollen grains at any stage of their development, although they were localized in the vegetative cell of bicellular pollen grains. In germinating pollen grains the nucleus of the vegetative cell, the generative cell, and sperms did not incorporate the isotopes. While the majority of pollen grains incorporated [3H]arginine, [3H]leucine, [3H]lysine, and [3H]tryptophan immediately after culture of anthers, during further periods of culture, protein synthetic activity persisted only in a small number of uninucleate, nonvacuolate, and densely staining "embryogenically determined" pollen grains confined to the periphery of the anther locule. Subsequent division of these pollen grains was accompanied by incorporation of [3H]arginine, [3H]leucine, and [3H]lysine into the vegetative cell or into both the vegetative cell and generative cell. It is suggested that, in contrast to the 3H-labeled amino acid incorporation pattern observed in pollen grains during their normal ontogeny, a significant change associated with embryogenic induction is the incorporation of [3H]leucine and [3H]tryptophan into embryogenically determined uninucleate pollen grains and of [3H]arginine, [3H]leucine, and [3H]lysine into the generative cell of bicellular pollen grains.

scholarly journals Bioproduction of Diosgenin in Callus Cultures of Balanites aegyptiaca: Effect of Growth Regulators, Explants and Somatic Embryogenesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0600100
Author(s):  
Bishnu P. Chapagain ◽  
Vinod Saharan ◽  
Dan Pelah ◽  
Ram C. Yadav ◽  
Zeev Wiesman
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽  
Basal Media

This study describes the effects of plant growth regulators, explants, and somatic embryogenesis on in vitro production of the steroidal sapogenin, diosgenin, in callus cultures of the Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.(desert date). Root, shoot, hypocotyl, and epicotyl callus culture of B. aegyptiaca, were raised on MS basal media supplemented with various combinations of either 2,4-D and NAA alone, or with BAP. The diosgenin content (on a dry weight basis) was found to be highest when calli were cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D alone and/or in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP. However, the callus growth was highest in media supplemented with 2.5 or 3.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. MS basal media supplemented with 2,4-D 2.5 mg l−1 alone and in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP induced pre-embryogenic callus formation on root cultures. When these pre-embryogenic callus cultures were used to establish cell suspension cultures, two growth densities were obtained in embryogenic suspension cultures, inducing clusters of somatic embryos at various stages of development. The maximum number of somatic embryos were obtained at the fifth week on the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. However, the diosgenin content in these somatic cells was found to be lower compared to the explant calluses. This study revealed that production of diosgenin in callus cultures of B. aegyptiaca is possible, but the amount is significantly affected by the growth regulators, type of explants, and somatic embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Immature embryo is the potential source for in vitro plant regeneration in Jatropha curcas

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
MR Islam ◽  
MA Bari
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Immature Embryo ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Plantlet Formation ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Wide Range

Context: Jatropha belongs the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. Special interest mounting for its biodiesel which has created enthusiasm in cultivation of the species for oil extraction. Objectives: The study was conducted to develop the protocol for tissue and callus culture in Bangladeshi Jatropha curcus plant particularly to identify the most suitable explants for its wide scale micropropagation. Materials and Methods: Immature embryos taken from four developmental stages of fruits were cultured on growth regulator free MS liquid medium. After fifteen days of germination, elongated hypocotyls and two cotyledonary leaves were used as explants. Results: Embryo derived seedlings acted as the potential source of explants both for callus and plantlets. The immature embryo of size 0.87cm produced highest callus formation (83.33%) on MS medium supplemented with lower concentration of 2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l) and coconut water 2% (v/v). Immature embryos grown on MS basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.2 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l) alone or in combination with coconut water 2% (v/v) exhibited a wide range of callus induction percentage (26-100%) for hypocotyls and (20 - 40%) for cotyledonary leaves. Conclusion: The age of immature embryo and addition of growth adjuvants and growth additive to the culture medium played the role in promoting better callus and plantlet formation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17726 J. bio-sci.  20:  125-134, 2012

INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF PSEUDOMONAS DENITRIFICANS BY AMINO ACIDS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horace J. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Pseudomonas Denitrificans ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures

A large number of amino acids failed to support growth of Pseudomonas denitrificans in a basal medium composed of glucose, ammonium phosphate, and other mineral salts. Inability of an amino acid to support growth correlated well with its inhibitory action in a complete medium made up by adding L-glutamic acid to the basal medium. D-Amino acids were more toxic than the corresponding L-forms, and neutral amino acids were more toxic than acidic amino acids. Basic amino acids which were least toxic supported the best growth. The danger of the indiscriminate use of amino acid mixtures for culture studies is discussed.

scholarly journals 252 STUDIES ON ADVENTITIOUS REGENERATION IN COCOYAM

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 465f-465
Author(s):  
Leopold M. Nyochembeng ◽  
Stephen Garton
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Adventitious Regeneration ◽  
Petiole Explants ◽  
The Impact

Studies were conducted to determine the response of cocoyam shoot tips, petioles, cotyledons and hypocotyls in various media for callus formation, adventitious shoot development and somatic embryogenesis. In all experiments, B5 basal medium or low N B5 were supplemented with various growth regulators. High frequency adventitious shoot proliferation was obtained using cotyledons and hypocotyls in medium supplemented with 1 mg/l IBA and 0.5 mg/l TDZ. Embryogenic callus was obtained using shoot tips in media containing 1 mg/l Dicamba, hile somatic embryos were observed in media containing 0.3 mg/l 2, 4 - D and 1 mg/l Kinetin, using hypocotyl and petiole explants. The impact of these results on micropropagation of cocoyam is discussed.

scholarly journals Micropropagationof Male and Female Trees of Andaleh (MorusmacrouraMiq.) through In-vitro Culture using Several Compositionsof Basal Medium

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Aswaldi Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Callus Formation ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Parental Material

Andalehis the local name of  MorusmacrouraMiq. in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Nowadays, this dioeciously speciesis in endangered situation. The aim of the research is to find out the appropriate combination of plant growth regulator to induce shoot multiplication of explants from male and female trees of andaleh. The plantlets from this research will be used in the next future to conserve this endangered species in vitro and in vivo, especially in preparing parental material in breeding program. Young buds from male and female trees were used as an explants in basal medium Murashige and Skoog supplemented with BAP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg.L-1) in combination with NAA (1.0 mg.L-1 for each).  The frequency of bud break was 50 % in MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.5 mg.L-1) and NAA 1.0 mg.L-1 for both source of explants (female and female trees of andaleh) after 3 weeks of culture. Generally, the number of shoot induction was very low. On the other hand, the rate of callus formation was high (100%) in highest BAP concentration (2.0 mg.L-1).

THE APPLICATION OF A NUTRITIONAL GROUPING METHOD TO SOIL FUNGI

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Atkinson ◽  
J. B. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Soil Extracts

In tests with seven different liquid media in which the common nitrogen source was potassium nitrate and the carbohydrate substrate was glucose, at a concentration of only 0.1%, most of the 1914 soil fungi isolated fell into one of three nutritional groups requiring, respectively, for maximum growth amino acids, amino acids plus growth factors, or yeast extract. Relatively few isolates required growth factors alone or a combination of yeast and soil extracts. Most of the isolates grew poorly in the basal medium containing only mineral salts, and glucose, with or without soil extract. Although fungi requiring yeast extract were much less frequently isolated from soil on, rather than remote from, tubers grown in a soybean green-manured plot, isolates requiring amino acids, or yeast plus soil extracts, were correspondingly increased on immature and mature tubers, respectively. In a second plot, however, not specially treated, no differences were observed in the nutritional spectra of fungi isolated from the two kinds of soil environment.

Nutritional Factors Affecting Growth and Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. REDDY ◽  
B. RANGANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis

The present study pertains to the effect of nutritional factors on the growth and production of antimicrobial substances (AS) by Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C. Among nine media tested, yeast extract dextrose broth supported good growth and maximum production of AS. Addition of beef extract and yeast extract at 1.0 and 0.6% levels, respectively, increased growth as well as production of AS. Of ten carbohydrates examined, maximum production of AS was achieved with 1% glucose followed by fructose, 4% molasses, lactose, sucrose, galactose, mannitol, maltose and 2% molasses. Xylose inhibited production of AS, although it stimulated growth of the organism. Peptone, tryptone and tryptose (each at the 1.5% level) significantly stimulated production of AS. Other nitrogen sources, including soytone, casein hydrolysate and proteose peptone, retarded production of inhibitory substances. Among the amino acids, L-leucine, DL-methionine and L-glutamic acid were most essential for growth and production of AS, whereas L-lysine, L-proline, DL-serine, DL-asparatic acid, L-arginine-HCl and DL-tryptophan were stimulatory. Other amino acids such as DL-ornithine, L-cysteine-HCl and DL-citrulline slightly stimulated AS production. In the presence of cynocobalmin, niacin, folic acid, calcium pantothenate and riboflavin, S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis S1-67/C produced maximum amounts of inhibitory substances. Omission of individual mineral salts from the basal medium did not affect production of AS by the organism.

scholarly journals Optimizing Micropropagation of Apple (Malus × Domestica Borkh) and in Vitro Root Induction By Piriformospora indica

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Samira Masoudi ◽  
Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani ◽  
Ali Soleimani ◽  
Hassan Hajnajari ◽  
Amin Alidadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Piriformospora Indica ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Induction Of Resistance

Abstract The inoculation of plant species with mycorrhiza fungus Piriformospora indica results in enhancement of growth, increase in yield, and induction of resistance to biotic and abiotic diseases through improvement of the root system. The aim of the present study was to optimize in vitro propagation protocol for three indigenous apples (Malus × domestica) cultivars (ꞌGolbaharꞌ, ꞌSharbatiꞌ, ꞌSoltani Shabestariꞌ) and one commercial cultivar (ꞌGolden Deliciousꞌ). Furthermore, the efficiency of P. indica at rooting stage was investigated on three cultivars (ꞌSharbatiꞌ, ꞌSoltani Shabestariꞌ, ꞌGolden Deliciousꞌ). Establishment and proliferation stages were optimized by collecting explants at different seasons and comparing different culture media respectively. Rooting optimization included six treatments containing different concentrations of auxins in the presence or absence of P. indica. Results showed that at the establishment stage, a maximum percent of survival was observed in explants collected in spring. At the proliferation stage, different media had a divergent effects on distinct cultivars. Although all cultivars reacted favourable to micropropagation in MS (Murashige & Skoog 1962) basal medium, the presence or absence of cytokinin 2ip (N6-(2-Isopentenyl) adenine) in the culture media showed significant and incremental improvements in growth indices. In all cultivars highest rooting percent, root length, root thickness, and the number of roots/explant was observed in MS media containing auxins for three weeks followed by a treatment of MS medium containing P. indica for another three weeks. Plantlets treated with P. indica, grow stronger and healthier at the acclimation stage compared to the ones that excluded P. indica.

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