Lack of isozyme similarity between Vigna unguiculata and other species of subgenus Vigna (Leguminosae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Vaillancourt ◽  
N. F. Weeden
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
The Third ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an important crop of tropical Africa, Asia, and South America. However, the relationship between the cowpea and other species of subg. Vigna is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic distance among species of subg. Vigna using isozymes. Twenty-four populations of the cowpea species and 39 populations from 10 other species (at least one species per section of subgenus Vigna) were sampled. Nei's genetic distance was calculated from allelic frequencies at 26 isozyme loci. UPGMA cluster analysis was performed. The range of genetic distance among species of subg. Vigna (0.41 – 2.69) was greater than previously reported in most plant genera. Three clusters of species were apparent. The first cluster included three species of sect. Vigna (V. luteola, V. oblongifolia, and V. subterranea (the Bambara groundnut)). The second cluster grouped together sections Liebrechtsia and Macrodontae. The third cluster included V. unguiculata, V. reticulata, and V. vexillata. The distances between species of this cluster were large and of similar size in all combinations (range from 0.92 to 0.95). None of the species included in this survey can be called a close relative of V. unguiculata. Key words: Vigna, cowpea, isozymes, genetic distances.

scholarly journals Genetic studies revealed differences between European and North American populations of Calypogeia azurea

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Buczkowska ◽  
Alina Bączkiewicz ◽  
Patrycja Gonera
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

Abstract Calypogeia azurea, a widespread, subboreal-montane liverwort species, is one of a few representatives of the Calypogeia genus that are characterized by the occurrence of blue oil bodies. The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic variation and population structure of C. azurea originating from different parts of its distribution range (Europe and North America). Plants of C. azurea were compared with C. peruviana, another Calypogeia species with blue oil bodies. In general, 339 gametophytes from 15 populations of C. azurea were examined. Total gene diversity (HT) estimated on the basis of nine isozyme loci of C. azurea at the species level was 0.201. The mean Nei’s genetic distance between European populations was equal to 0.083, whereas the mean genetic distance between populations originating from Europe and North America was 0.413. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69% of C. azurea genetic variation was distributed among regions (Europe and North America), 15% - among populations within regions, and 16% - within populations. Our study revealed that C. azurea showed genetic diversity within its geographic distribution. All examined samples classified as C. azurea differed in respect of isozyme patterns from C. peruviana.

scholarly journals GENETIC CHANGE AND RATES OF CLADOGENESIS

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-773
Author(s):  
John C Avise ◽  
Francisco J Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Models are introduced which predict ratios of mean levels of genetic divergence in species-rich versus species-poor phylads under two competing assumptions: (1) genetic differentiation is a function of time, unrelated to the number of cladogenetic events and (2) genetic differentiation is proportional to the number of speciation events in the group. The models are simple, general, and biologically real, but not precise. They lead to qualitatively distinct predictions about levels of genetic divergence depending upon the relationship between rates of speciation and amount of genetic change. When genetic distance between species is a function of time, mean genetic distances in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age are very similar. On the contrary, when genetic distance is a function of the number of speciations in the history of a phylad, the ratio of mean genetic distances separating species in speciose versus depauperate phylads is greater than one, and increases rapidly as the frequency of speciations in one group relative to the other increases. The models may be tested with data from natural populations to assess (1) possible correlations between rates of anagenesis and cladogenesis and (2) the amount of genetic differentiation accompanying the speciation process. The data collected in electrophoretic surveys and other kinds of studies can be used to test the predictions of the models. For this purpose genetic distances need to be measured in speciose and depauperate phylads of equal evolutionary age. The limited information presently available agrees better with the model predicting that genetic change is primarily a function of time, and is not correlated with rates of speciation. Further testing of the models is, however, required before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Genetic Diversity of Natural-Populations of Acacia auriculiformis

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wickneswari ◽  
M Norwati
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Improvement Programs

Seeds from 18 populations of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. from natural riverine and coastal forests in Australia and Papua New Guinea were electrophoretically analysed at 22 isozyme loci representing 17 enzyme systems. Genetic variability measures were determined using 12 isozyme loci. On average, 39.8% of the loci were polymorphic (0.99 criterion). Average and effective numbers of alleles per locus were 1.5 and 1.1 respectively. Mean expected heterozygosity was 0.081 with values ranging from 0.002 (South Alligator River, Northern Territory) to 0.180 (North Mibini, Papua New Guinea). The genetic differentiation between populations was high (GST = 0.270), indicating that about 73% of the isozyme variation was among progenies within populations. Hence, both intra- and inter-population genetic variations are important in initial selections in A. auriculiformis improvement programs. Nei's unbiased genetic distance between populations ranged from 0.000 to 0.120, with populations from the Northern Territory, Australia, generally being very closely related to each other. UPGMA cluster analysis using Nei's unbiased genetic distance revealed three distinct clusters of populations corresponding to the geographic distribution of the species in the Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia, and Papua New Guinea. Populations from Queensland were closely related to populations from Papua New Guinea rather than to populations from the Northern Territory, which is in the same land mass.

scholarly journals SAMPLING VARIANCES OF HETEROZYGOSITY AND GENETIC DISTANCE

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-390
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Nei ◽  
A K Roychoudhury
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Average Heterozygosity ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

ABSTRACT Mathematical formulae for the sampling variances of average heterozygosity and Nei's genetic distance are developed. These sampling variances are decomposed into their two components, i.e. the inter-locus and intra-locus variances. The relationship between the number of loci and the number of individuals per locus to be examined for estimating average heterozygosity and genetic distance is also discussed. The utility of the inter-locus variance of heterozygosity for studying the mechanism of maintenance of genetic variability in populations is indicated.

Genetic variation within and between strains of outbred Swiss mice

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuliang Cui ◽  
Clive Chesson ◽  
Rory Hope
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Allozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Polymorphic Variation ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Allelic Substitution ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

The aim of this survey was to measure levels of genetic variation within and between 5 different strains of outbred Swiss mice. Ten to 15 animals from each strain (NIH, Q(S), ARC, IMVS and STUD) were typed, using allozyme electrophoresis, at 10 gene loci: Mod-1, Idh-1, Gpi-1, Es-1, Es-3, Hbb, Pep-3, Gr-1, Got-2 and Pgm-1. Polymorphic variation in at least one of the 5 strains was detected at all 10 loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci ranged from 0·3 (NIH) to 0·8 (IMVS) with a mean of 0·52. Average expected heterozygosities ranged from 0·08 (NIH) to 0·37 (IMVS) with a mean of 0·21. The inbred strain SWR was, as expected, homozygous at all 10 loci. The amount of allelic substitution between pairs of strains was quantified using Nei's genetic distance, and a dendrogram based on these genetic distances showed a close overall similarity in its branching pattern to the known genealogy of the strains. This survey showed that a considerable degree of genetic variation persists in the 5 strains examined, a level of variation similar to that previously detected by Rice and O'Brien (1980) in 3 other outbred Swiss strains.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in global chicken breeds as a function of genetic distance to the wild populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorcus Kholofelo Malomane ◽  
Steffen Weigend ◽  
Armin Otto Schmitt ◽  
Annett Weigend ◽  
Christian Reimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Founder Population ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMigration of populations from their founder population is expected to cause a reduction in genetic diversity and facilitates population differentiation between the populations and their founder population as predicted by the theory of genetic isolation by distance. Consistent with that, a model of expansion from a single founder predicts that patterns of genetic diversity in populations can be well explained by their geographic expansion from the founders, which is correlated to the genetic differentiation. To investigate this in the chicken, we have estimated the relationship between the genetic diversity in 172 domesticated chicken populations and their genetic distances to wild populations. We have found a strong inverse relationship whereby 87.5% of the variation in the overall genetic diversity of domesticated chicken can be explained by the genetic distance to the wild populations. We also investigated if different types of SNPs and genes present similar patterns of genetic diversity as the overall genome. Among different SNP classes, the non-synonymous ones were the most deviating from the overall genome. However, the genetic distances to wild populations still explained more variation in domesticated chicken diversity in all SNP classes ranging from 81.7 to 88.7%. The genetic diversity seemed to change at a faster rate within the chicken in genes that are associated with transmembrane transport, protein transport and protein metabolic processes, and lipid metabolic processes. In general, such genes are flexible to be manipulated according to the population needs. On the other hand, genes which the genetic diversity hardly changes despite the genetic distance to the wild populations are associated with major functions e.g. brain development. Therefore, changes in the genes may be detrimental to the chickens. These results contribute to the knowledge of different evolutionary patterns of different functional genomic regions in the chicken.Author summaryThe chicken was first domesticated about 6000 B.C. in Asia from the jungle fowl. Following domestication, chickens were taken to different parts of the world mainly by humans. Evolutionary forces such as selection and genetic drift have shaped diversification within the chicken species. In addition, new breeds or strains have been developed from crossbreeding programs facilitated by man. These events, together with other breeding practices, have led to genomic alterations causing genetic differentiation between the domesticated chickens and their ancestral/wild population as well as manipulation of the genetic diversity within the domesticated chickens. We investigated the relationship between 172 domesticated chicken populations from different selection, breeding and management backgrounds and their genetic distance to the wild type chickens. We found that the genetic diversity within the populations decreases with the increasing genetic distances to the wild types. Human manipulation of chicken genetic diversity has more effect on the genetic differentiation than simple geographic separations (through migrations) do. We further found that some genes associated with vital functions show evolutionary constraints or persistent selection across the populations and do not comply with this relationship i.e. the genetic diversity within the populations is constant despite the change in the genetic distance to the wild types.

Retroaktive Neuverhandlung

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin Feige
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
The Third ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Relationship

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Frage historischer Folgeverhältnisse in der Kunst. Gegenüber dem Gedanken, dass es ein ursprüngliches Werk in der Reihe von Werken gibt, das späteren Werken seinen Sinn gibt, schlägt der Text vor, das Verhältnis umgekehrt zu denken: Im Lichte späterer Werke wird der Sinn früherer Werke neu ausgehandelt. Dazu geht der Text in drei Schritten vor. Im ersten Teil formuliert er unter der Überschrift ›Form‹ in kritischer Abgrenzung zu Danto und Eco mit Adorno den Gedanken, dass Kunstwerke eigensinnig konstituierte Gegenstände sind. Die im Gedanken der Neuverhandlung früherer Werke im Lichte späterer Werke vorausgesetzte Unbestimmtheit des Sinns von Kunstwerken wird im zweiten Teil unter dem Schlagwort ›Zeitlichkeit‹ anhand des Paradigmas der Improvisation erörtert. Der dritte und letzte Teil wendet diese improvisatorische Logik unter dem Label ›Neuaushandlung‹ dann dezidiert auf das Verhältnis von Vorbild und Nachbild an. The article proposes a new understanding of historical succession in the realm of art. In contrast to the idea that there is an original work in the series of works that gives meaning to the works that come later, the text proposes to think it exactly the other way round: in the light of later works, the meanings of earlier works are renegotiated. The text proceeds in three steps to develop this idea. Under the heading ›Form‹ it develops in the first part a critical reading of Danto’s and Eco’s notion of the constitution of the artworks and argues with Adorno that each powerful work develops its own language. In the second part, the vagueness of the meaning of works of art presupposed in the idea of renegotiating earlier works in the light of later works is discussed under the term ›Temporality‹ in terms of the logic of improvisation. The third and final part uses this improvisational logic under the label ›Renegotiation‹ to understand the relationship between model and afterimage in the realm of art.

RECREATION SPECIALIZATION FOR RUNNERS AND EVENT ATTACHMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Okayasu ◽  
Chi-Ok Oh ◽  
Duarte B Morais
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Event Management ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Recreation Specialization ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Predictive Relationship

Running is one of the most popular activities in the world. Runners’ attitudes and behaviors vary depending on their running style. This study aims to construct different measures of running specialization based on the theory of specialization. This study also tests a runner’s stage of specialization segmentation based on recreation specialization and examines the predictive relationship between a runner’s specialization and event attachment. Three groups of sampling data assess the performance of diverse specialization measures for running in three marathon events. First, two surveys were conducted with marathon participants to assess the performance of diverse specialization measures for runners. Second, the third dataset was used to examine the relationship between a runner’s recreation specialization and event attachment.The study results showed that the 15 measures of specialization showed a good fit to the data. Our research showed how runners’ recreation specialization is connected to their event attachment. In addition, this study suggested event management for subdivisions of runners. Its practical implication is that recreation specialization for running can help us understand event attachment.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Effects of the Kinematic System on the Quality of Holes Drilled in 42CrMo4 + QT Steel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4046
Author(s):  
Mateusz Bronis ◽  
Edward Miko ◽  
Lukasz Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Hole Quality ◽  
The Third ◽  
Kinematic System ◽  
Turning Center ◽  
Dimensional Errors ◽  
The Relationship

This article discusses the relationship between the kinematic system used in drilling and the quality of through-holes. The drilling was done on a CTX Alpha 500 universal turning center using a TiAlN-coated 6.0 mm drill bit with internal cooling, mounted in a driven tool holder. The holes were cut in cylindrical 42CrMo4 + QT steel samples measuring 30 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length. Three types of hole-drilling kinematic systems were considered. The first consisted of a fixed workpiece and a tool performing rotary (primary) and linear motions. In the second system, the workpiece rotated (primary motion) while the tool moved linearly. In the third system, the workpiece and the tool rotated in opposite directions; the tool also moved linearly. The analysis was carried out for four output parameters characterizing the hole quality (i.e., cylindricity, straightness, roundness, and diameter errors). The experiment was designed using the Taguchi approach (orthogonal array). ANOVA multi-factor statistical analysis was used to determine the influence of the input parameters (cutting speed, feed per revolution and type of kinematic system) on the geometrical and dimensional errors of the hole. From the analysis, it is evident that the kinematic system had a significant effect on the hole roundness error.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Timing of Surgery and the Need for RBC Transfusions in the Geriatric Intertrochanteric Fracture Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215145932199861
Author(s):  
Yun-fa Yang ◽  
Jian-wen Huang ◽  
Xiao-sheng Gao ◽  
Zai-li Liu ◽  
Jian-wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intertrochanteric Fracture ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Timing Of Surgery ◽  
Intertrochanteric Fractures ◽  
The Third ◽  
Transfusion Requirements ◽  
Surgical Fixation ◽  
Fracture Population ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rbc Transfusion

Objective: To identify whether the timing of surgery affects red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirements in the elderly with intertrochanteric fractures. Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients undergoing surgical fixation of their intertrochanteric fractures in our hospital between January 2009 and December 2018 and analyzed the relationship between the timing of surgery and RBC transfusion. Results: A total of 679 patients were included in this study. The need for RBC transfusion was lower in the patients who underwent surgery within 12 h after admission (timing of surgery <12 h, <12 h group) than those who underwent surgery over 12 h after admission (timing of surgery >12 h, >12 h group) (P = 0.046); lower in the the patients who underwent surgery within 24 h after admission (timing of surgery <24 h, <24 h group) than in those who underwent surgery over 24 h after admission (timing of surgery >24 h, >24 h group) (P = 0.008), and lower in the <24 h group compared to the patients who underwent surgery within 48 h after admission (timing of surgery <48 h, <48 h group) (P = 0.035). Moreover, the need for RBC transfusion was lower in the <24 h group (in the first 24 h from admission to surgery) than in the 24-48 h group (in the second 24 h from admission to surgery) (P = 0.016), and also lower in the <24 h group compared to the 48-72 h group (in the third 24 h from admission to surgery) (P = 0.047). However, there were no differences between the <12 h group and 12-24 h group, between the <12 h group and <24 h group, and between the 12-24 h group and <24 h group, respectively. Conclusion: Timing of surgery within 24 h contributes to the reduction of RBC transfusion in the elderly with intertrochanteric fractures.

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