scholarly journals The impact of stock collapse on small-scale fishers’ behavior: evidence from Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 2241-2254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Kiyama ◽  
Satoshi Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
Declining Species ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
The Impact

Understanding behavioral responses of resource users to environmental changes and incentives created by management systems is imperative to implement effective resource management and development policies. A small-scale mixed fishery in the Maizuru Bay, Japan, provides a natural experiment to evaluate changes in small-scale fishers’ harvesting and targeting behavior over the years that one of the key species in the fishery experienced a collapse of the stock. Using data on individual fishers across the pre- and postcollapse periods, we find that inefficient fishers were forced to shut down or stay idle along with the collapse of the stock, and this behavior led to an increase in the overall efficiency in the production of clams (Venerupis philippinarum). The depletion of the stock, however, imposed a natural constraint on the operation, resulting in a substantial decline in the maximum production achievable by the remaining fishers. We further show that the collapse of the stock not only affected the harvesting behavior against the declining species but also led to the expansion of the fishing capacity and effort to catch other species and the development of aquaculture as an alternative form of fish production in the region.

The impact of domestic water on household enterprises: evidence from Vietnam

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Noel ◽  
Hoang Thi Phuong ◽  
John Soussan ◽  
Jon C. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Enterprises

A number of rural household-based productive activities, such as kitchen gardens, livestock rearing and micro enterprises, are dependent on adequate supplies of domestic water to operate. This paper examines whether improved access to piped water can facilitate these types of activities, particularly for poor households. Using data from rural Vietnam, we find that most household enterprises use non-metered water and have very small profit margins. Thus, the evidence suggests that these enterprises may be better supported by a household-level water supply infrastructure, such as well pumps and rainwater catchment tanks, rather than by piped systems in rural areas. We also found an unanticipated link between operating small-scale food production businesses and raising livestock: for many households, waste products from food-based micro enterprises were used for rearing pigs, and this enabled business owners to expand their pork production, a significant source of income and prosperity in rural Vietnam.

scholarly journals Epiphytic bryozoan community of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in two different meadows at disturbed and control locations

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. KOCAK ◽  
S. AYDIN-ONEN
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Bryozoan Species ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The impact of fish farming activities on Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Aegean Sea have been detected by using bryozoan epiphytes as indicators of disturbance. Samples were collected by SCUBA diving in September 2004 for comparing assemblages between disturbed (I1:0-5 m; I2:5-10 m and I3:10-15 m) and control meadows (C1:0-5 m; C2:5-10 m and C3:10-15 m) located at different depths. Regarding to mean percentage cover of bryozoans, significant differences were found between stations, leaf sides, depths and their interactions (p<0.05). Bryozoan species were colonized densely on back side of the adult leaves. Bantariella verticillata, Alcyonidium sp., Aetea truncata, Chorizopora brongniartii, Fenestrulina joannae were frequently observed species on P. oceanica leaves. B. verticillata showed statistically significant side and station differences while other species showed only significant side differences. Moreover, the mean coverage of Aetea truncata showed neither station nor side variations. B. verticillata could be evaluated as an appropriate key species for environmental changes. In the impacted meadow, higher mean coverage values of the species were particularly determined on front side of the leaves. These results suggest that characteristics of localities, leaf sides and leaf parts can be responsible factors on coverage value of epiphytic bryozoan species.

The Fall and Rise of Cotton Yarn ‘Manja’

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-801
Author(s):  
Leena Sachdeva ◽  
Devjani Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Business Trend ◽  
Cotton Yarn ◽  
Change Models ◽  
The Impact

In the twenty-first century, managing organizational change has become one of the critical issues for the success of any organization. Dynamic changes in the business environment post liberalization, privatization and globalization in India have escalated organizational competition holistically. Moreover, changing government policies, recent technological advancements and increased management pressure to reduce costs have reshaped the entire organizational dynamics. Researchers suggest that creativity and innovation have an important role to play in the transition process of organizations to survive, it is in fact the ‘survival of fittest’ (Chatterjee, 2014). While technological innovation plays the key role in business growth, the success of management depends upon the effective utilization and allocation of resources which are necessary to bring out technological change (Dasgupta, Gupta, & Sahay, 2011). Hence, in order to survive in this competitive market, strategic implementation and management of organizational change have become pivotal for the organization’s survival. This case study explicitly explores and identifies the impact of environmental changes on the small-scale cotton yarn industry in India. Particularly, this study focuses on the changing demand of the cotton yarn ‘manja’ (a specific kind of processed, traditional cotton strings coated with glass to fly kites) in the Indian market against the high competition of the less expensive Chinese ‘manja’ (flying strings for kites made up of nylon and coated with iron, glass and metallic powder) and also as a result of recent favourable government policies to save the indigenous cotton yarn industry of India. Primary data has been collected from the strategic apex as well as from the middle management of the organization through interviews using open-ended and semi-structured questions. Secondary data such as government reports and news articles have also been used to understand the changing business trend in the cotton yarn industry in India. In a sense, the case focuses on two important factors stimulating organizational changes: (a) global competition affecting local business and (b) changes in government policies. Various organizational change models and theories have been used to understand the context of the case and critical strategies have been identified to effectively implement and manage the organizational change in light of the dynamic environmental upheaval.

scholarly journals Diversity, Disparity and Territorial Resilience in the Context of the Economic Crisis: An Analysis of Rural Areas in Southern Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Sánchez-Zamora ◽  
Rosa Gallardo-Cobos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Composite Indices ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyses territorial resilience in rural Andalusia, Spain, after the impact of the recent economic crisis and identifies the factors associated with the highest recovery rates in different contexts and territories. To this end, we developed a methodology that incorporates the heterogeneity and diversity of rural territories and uses composite indices calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in order to measure levels of resilience and identify the factors that impact recovery in rural counties. The results reveal how different aspects of economic, social, human, and natural capital promote resilient territorial dynamics in rural Andalusia. These results provide useful information for political decision-makers in the design of public policies, especially at a time like the present when the EU is immersed in debate on the reform of rural development policies for the next programming period beyond 2020.

scholarly journals Using GAMA to probe the impact of small-scale galaxy physics on nonlinear redshift-space distortions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadab Alam ◽  
John A Peacock ◽  
Daniel J Farrow ◽  
J Loveday ◽  
A M Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mcmc Algorithm ◽  
Peculiar Velocities ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Mass Assembly ◽  
Galaxy Populations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perturbation Growth

Abstract We present improved modelling of the redshift-space distortions of galaxy clustering that arise from peculiar velocities. We create mock galaxy catalogues in the framework of the halo model, using data from the Bolshoi project. These mock galaxy populations are inserted into the haloes with additional degrees of freedom that govern spatial and kinematical biases of the galaxy populations relative to the dark matter. We explore this generalised halo model with an MCMC algorithm, comparing the predictions to data from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, and thus derive one of the first constraints on the detailed kinematic degrees of freedom for satellite galaxies within haloes. With this approach, the distortions of the redshift-space galaxy autocorrelations can be accounted for down to spatial separations close to 10 kpc, opening the prospect of improved RSD measurements of the perturbation growth rate by the inclusion of data from nonlinear scales.

scholarly journals Impact of small-scale environmental perturbations on local marine food resources: a case study of a predator, the little penguin

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1676) ◽  
pp. 4105-4109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ropert-Coudert ◽  
Akiko Kato ◽  
André Chiaradia
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mixed Water

Although the impact of environmental changes on the demographic parameters of top predators is well established, the mechanisms by which populations are affected remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a reduction in the thermal stratification of coastal water masses between 2005 and 2006 was associated with reduced foraging and breeding success of little penguins Eudyptula minor , major bio-indicators of the Bass Strait ecosystem in southern Australia. The foraging patterns of the penguins suggest that their prey disperse widely in poorly stratified waters, leading to reduced foraging efficiency and poor breeding success. Mixed water regimes resulting from storms are currently unusual during the breeding period of these birds, but are expected to become more frequent due to climate change.

scholarly journals Feedback between environment and traits under selection in a seasonal environment: consequences for experimental evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1876) ◽  
pp. 20180284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Collot ◽  
Thibault Nidelet ◽  
Johan Ramsayer ◽  
Olivier C. Martin ◽  
Sylvie Méléard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Seasonal Environment ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Batch cultures are frequently used in experimental evolution to study the dynamics of adaptation. Although they are generally considered to simply drive a growth rate increase, other fitness components can also be selected for. Indeed, recurrent batches form a seasonal environment where different phases repeat periodically and different traits can be under selection in the different seasons. Moreover, the system being closed, organisms may have a strong impact on the environment. Thus, the study of adaptation should take into account the environment and eco-evolutionary feedbacks. Using data from an experimental evolution on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , we developed a mathematical model to understand which traits are under selection, and what is the impact of the environment for selection in a batch culture. We showed that two kinds of traits are under selection in seasonal environments: life-history traits, related to growth and mortality, but also transition traits, related to the ability to react to environmental changes. The impact of environmental conditions can be summarized by the length of the different seasons which weight selection on each trait: the longer a season is, the higher the selection on associated traits. Since phenotypes drive season length, eco-evolutionary feedbacks emerge. Our results show how evolution in successive batches can affect season lengths and strength of selection on different traits.

scholarly journals A quantitative eDNA-based method to monitor spawning activity of two emblematic fish species in lake Geneva

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Vautier ◽  
Cécile Chardon ◽  
Chloé Goulon ◽  
Jean Guillard ◽  
Isabelle Domaizon
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Coregonus Lavaretus ◽  
Lake Geneva ◽  
Spawning Activity ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
European Perch ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Key Species ◽  
The Impact

Anthropogenic pressures and more recently climatic change have increased the interest to study the impact of environmental changes on the key stages of fish life cycle. In lake Geneva, a deep peri-alpine lake, climate change and phosphorous level are known to have consequences on salmonid and percid populations, including key species for recreational and commercial fisheries, whose stocks are subject to significant fluctuations. To follow these stock variations, the spawning activity of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) is monitored in this lake since several years using traditional methods, unfortunately mostly destructive or damaging (e.g. gillnetting and collection of fertilized eggs). DNA isolated from the environment (eDNA) has been widely developed for the detection of specific species or whole biological communities, and this non-invasive method offers an alternative to conventional surveying tools. Until recently, the methods used for eDNA analysis (e.g. qPCR, metabarcoding) could be limited by their sensitivity, quantification limit or price, but the emergence of new methods, such as the droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), offers the possibility to quantify an absolute eDNA signal in a very sensitive way and at a lower cost. Here, we show for the first time the applicability of an eDNA method to monitor the spawning activity of two fish species in a lake by using ddPCR. During two spawning seasons for whitefish and one spawning season for European perch, water samples were collected every week from the subsurface, simultaneously to traditional monitoring sampling, and filtered through sterile cartridges. The eDNA was then extracted and analyzed using ddPCR, targeting the mitochondrial DNA of the two fish species. The results demonstrate the efficiency of eDNA coupled with ddPCR to identify the timing and duration of the spawning periods, as well as the peak of the spawning activity for whitefish and European perch in Lake Geneva. This study shows that we have reached an operational level to use this non-invasive eDNA monitoring of the spawning activity of these fish species in lakes.

scholarly journals Study of the Impact of Environmental Pollution on Efficiency and Sustainable Development using Data Envelopment Analysis

MATEMATIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Hamid Hosseini ◽  
Sara Fanati Rashidi ◽  
Ali Hamzehee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Undesirable Outputs ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Environmental changes resulting from industrial activity have been occurring for many years, and with the increasing production of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, these changes have played a critical role in global warming. Nowadays, all countries have become aware of the great importance of attention to the environment alongside economic growth. Therefore, they are all after solutions that would allow maximum economic growth with minimum harm to the environment. In the present study, the environmental efficiency of a given system is evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). For this purpose, the economic and environmental dimensions are taken into consideration for each decision-making unit (DMU), with the condition of having undesirable outputs in the environmental dimension. Then, using the concept of “order of efficiency”, an enhanced DEA method is proposed based on weak and strong disposability axioms, which can be used to compare and rank units with undesirable outputs. Next, the capabilities of the proposed approach are demonstrated through an example involving various industries in Iran. Enhanced DEA not only takes more comprehensive input and output sets into account but also monitors the units based on the principles of sustainability.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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