qPCR Assay Targeting Bradyrhizobium japonicum Shows that Row Spacing and Soybean Density Affects Bradyrhizobium Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Yudistira ◽  
Barney A. Geddes ◽  
Charles M. Geddes ◽  
Rob H Gulden ◽  
Ivan John Oresnik
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Soybean Field ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Field Season

The ability for a soybean plant to be efficiently nodulated when grown as a crop is dependent on the number of effective <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i> that can be found in close proximity to the developing seedling shortly after planting. In Manitoba, the growing of soybean as a crop has increased from less than 500,000 acres in 2008 to over 2.3 million acres in 2017. Since the large increase in soybean production is relatively recent, populations of B. japonicum have not yet developed. In response to this we developed a primer pair that can identify <i>B. japonicum</i>, and be utilized to determine the titre found in field soil. Their utility was demonstrated by being used to determine if row spacing of soybean affects <i>B. japonicum</i> populations, as well as to follow <i>B. japonicum </i>populations in a soybean field over the course of a field season. The data show that plant density can affect B. japonicum populations. Moreover, evidence is presented that suggests plant development affects overall <i>B. japonicum</i> populations.

Nitrogen management systems to optimize spring wheat under no-till: Effects on plant development

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
D. A. Derksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
No Till ◽  
N Management

Surface residues and standing stubble protect soil against erosion and mitigate against crop water deficits by conserving additional moisture. However, residues and stubble can also present a dilemma for producers practising no-till in terms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management and row spacing. The objective of this research was to determine how row spacing, N management using urea and two rates of post-emergent herbicide (66 and 100% of recommended) affect spring wheat establishment and plant development. The study was conducted using a no-till system and a canola-springwheat cropping system at three locations over a 3-yr period. The N management and row spacing treatments were (1) 23-cm row spacing with fall banded N on 30 cm; (2) 23-cm row spacing with spring banded N on 30 cm; (3) 30-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; (4) 23-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; and (5) sweep on 23-cm spacing with seed and fertilizer scattered over a 20-cm width. Herbicide rates did not affect wheat development. Planting depth was greater for the sweep treatment, but only by 6 mm. Plant densities were at the low end of the optimal range of 200–250 plants m-2 for all treatments and were least for the 30 cm row spacing. Average frequencies for tillers T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 20, 81 61 and 10%, respectively. Fall and spring band treatments resulted in lower tiller frequencies than the sweep treatment, with intermediate levels for the side-band treatments. Tiller frequencies were identical between the 23-cm and 30-cm row spacings with N side-banded. Greater tiller frequencies for the sweep treatment likely resulted from the greater spread of seed, reducing inter-plant competition and closer proximity of the seed to fertilizer N. Spike density was not affected by N management. Expected spike density, calculated from tiller frequency and plant density data, was within 1% of the actual spikes recorded, when averaged over treatments. This means that tiller frequencies at the 5 to 5.5 leaf stage are a good predictor of expected spike density. Wider row spacings did not affect plant and tiller development but applying N fertilizer at time of seeding provided better spring wheat tiller development. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., nitrogen management, tiller development

Corn Row Spacing, Plant Density, and Maturity Effects

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Pecinovsky ◽  
Garren O. Benson ◽  
Dale E. Farnham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Row Spacing

scholarly journals Soybean Relative Maturity, Not Row Spacing, Affected Interseeded Cover Crops Biomass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Hans J. Kandel ◽  
Dulan P. Samarappuli ◽  
Kory L. Johnson ◽  
Marisol T. Berti
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Crop Biomass

Adoption of cover crop interseeding in the northwestern Corn Belt in the USA is limited due to inadequate fall moisture for establishment, short growing season, additional costs, and need for adapted winter-hardy species. This study evaluated three cover crop treatments—no cover crop, winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz)—which were interseeded at the R6 soybean growth stage, using two different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) maturity groups (0.5 vs. 0.9) and two row spacings (30.5 vs. 61 cm). The objective was to evaluate these treatments on cover crop biomass, soil cover, plant density, and soybean yield. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield was also measured the following year. The early-maturing soybean cultivar (0.5 maturity) resulted in increased cover crop biomass and soil cover, with winter rye outperforming winter camelina. However, the early-maturing soybean yielded 2308 kg·ha−1, significantly less compared with the later maturing cultivar (2445 kg·ha−1). Narrow row spacing had higher soybean yield, but row spacing did not affect cover crop growth. Spring wheat should not follow winter rye if rye is terminated right before seeding the wheat. However, wheat planted after winter camelina was no different than when no cover crop was interseeded in soybean. Interseeding cover crops into established soybean is possible, however, cover crop biomass accumulation and soil cover are limited.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Soybean Plant Density Using UAV and Satellite-Based Remote Sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2548
Author(s):  
Luthfan Nur Habibi ◽  
Tomoya Watanabe ◽  
Tsutomu Matsui ◽  
Takashi S. T. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Climate Data

The plant density of soybean is a critical factor affecting plant canopy structure and yield. Predicting the spatial variability of plant density would be valuable for improving agronomic practices. The objective of this study was to develop a model for plant density measurement using several data sets with different spatial resolutions, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, PlanetScope satellite imagery, and climate data. The model establishment process includes (1) performing the high-throughput measurement of actual plant density from UAV imagery with the You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3) object detection algorithm, which was further treated as a response variable of the estimation models in the next step, and (2) developing regression models to estimate plant density in the extended areas using various combinations of predictors derived from PlanetScope imagery and climate data. Our results showed that the YOLOv3 model can accurately measure actual soybean plant density from UAV imagery data with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.96 plants m−2. Furthermore, the two regression models, partial least squares and random forest (RF), successfully expanded the plant density prediction areas with RMSE values ranging from 1.78 to 3.67 plant m−2. Model improvement was conducted using the variable importance feature in RF, which improved prediction accuracy with an RMSE value of 1.72 plant m−2. These results demonstrated that the established model had an acceptable prediction accuracy for estimating plant density. Although the model could not often evaluate the within-field spatial variability of soybean plant density, the predicted values were sufficient for informing the field-specific status.

scholarly journals Determination of Essential Oil Bioactive Components and Rosmarinic Acid of Salvia officinalis Cultivated under Different Intra-row Spacing

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad ABU DARWISH ◽  
Ezz Al-Dein AL-RAMAMNEH ◽  
Ivan SALAMON ◽  
Ziad ABU-DIEYEH ◽  
Mohamed AL NAWAISEH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
First Time

Salvia officinalis, known also as sage, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that spreads all over the word in several countries. The demand for the raw material and extracts of this plant is increasing due to its numerous applications in pharmacy, food and herbal tea production. The present study investigated for the first time the effect of 15, 30 and 45 cm intra-row spacing (plant density) on the main constituents of sage essential oils and rosmarinic acid content. The highest content of essential oils (2.7%) and rosmarinic acid (2.0%) were obtained in plants grown using 15 cm planting space. Likewise, close spacing resulted also in a substantial content of 1,8-cineole (47-50%, GC/FID; 55-60%, GC/MS). This work indicated that 1,8-cineole chemotype was a dominant character of cultivated S. officinalis in south of Jordan. In general, the percent of α-thujone in essential oil was not affected by intra-row spacing. However, the percent of β-thujone decreased from (2-3%, GC/MS) in plants grown using 15 cm intra-row spacing to (1-2%, GC/MS) in plants grown using 30 and 45 cm intra-row spacing. The highest content of α-and β-pinene was recorded in plants grown using 45 cm planting space (8-10%, GC/FID; 5-6% GC/MS). Based on GC/MS, camphor compound was enriched (9-10%) in sage plants grown under 15 cm spacing and greater than in plants grown under 30 (6-7%) or 45 cm (5-6%) spacing. The results make the potential use of sage extracts in the treatment of some human disorders or illness an area of further research.

scholarly journals Response of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) to Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and Bradyrhizobium japonicum Seed Inoculation

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Janusz Prusiński ◽  
Anna Baturo-Cieśniewska ◽  
Magdalena Borowska
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Glycine Max L

A growing interest in soybean cultivation in Poland has been observed in the recent years, however it faces a lot of difficulties resulting from a poorly understood effectiveness of plant nitrogen fertilization and from the introduction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to the environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the consistency of response of two soybean cultivars to three different rates of mineral N fertilization and two seed inoculation treatments with B. japonicum in field conditions over four years regardless of previous B. japonicum presence in the soil. A highly-diversified-over-years rainfall and temperature in the growing season do not allow for a definite statement of the differences resulting from seed inoculation and mineral N fertilization applied separately or jointly in soybean. A high sensitivity of the nodulation process to rainfall deficits was noted, which resulted in a decreased amount of B. japonicum DNA measured in qPCR and dry matter of nodules. ‘Annushka’ demonstrated a higher yield of seeds and protein, higher plants and the 1st pod setting. ‘Aldana’, due to a significant decrease in plant density, produced a higher number of pods, seeds per pod and the 1000 seed weight per plant. Both cultivars responded with an increase in the seed yield after seed inoculation with HiStick, also with an application of 30 and 60 kg N, as well as with Nitragina with 60 kg N.

The effects of growth regulators, seed rates and row spacings on field beans (Vicia faba L.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Field Beans

SummaryFour growth regulators were tested: N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (aminozide); N-pyrrolidinosuccinamic acid (F529); 2-chloroethyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (JF2579); potassium 2(3-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy) propionate (JF3072); all shortened stems. JF2579 and JF3072 were phytotoxic and lessened yield. Aminozide and F529 (tested in 1970 only) did not affect yield in 1970 but aminozide increased yield by 28% in 1971. Seed rates and row spacings had small effects on yield which varied with season. Growth regulators did not interact with seed rates or row spacing. Plant density and growth regulators had effects on yield via the number of stems and pods per stem. The effects of season on yield were greater and were caused via 100 grain weight. Speculative hypotheses are suggested to explain the different actions of season and treatments.

Effect of Nitrogen, Row Spacing, and Plant Density on Yield, Yield Components, and Plant Physiology in Soybean-Wheat Intercropping

2015 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 2162-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adônis Moreira ◽  
Larissa A. C. Moraes ◽  
Götz Schroth ◽  
José M. G. Mandarino
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Row Spacing

scholarly journals Between-row spacing and local accession on the yield and quality of garlic

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal-Ali Olfati ◽  
Mohammad-Bagher Mahdieh-Najafabadi ◽  
Mohammad Rabiee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Stand

Garlic is primarily grown for its cloves used mostly as a food flavoring condiment. Previous studies carried out on plant density indicate its direct influence on yield. Plant density depends on the genotype, environmental factors, cultural practices, etc. This study was established to determine the effects of different between-row spacing on growth, yield, and quality of four local accession of garlic. It was laid out on two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during two years. Four local accession of garlic (Langroud, Tarom, Tabriz and Hamedan) were culture in three between-rows spacing (15, 25 and 35 cm) during two years. The results of two cultivated years were different. Plant density changed when garlic cultured with different between row spacing. In present research plant yield increased when the lower between row spacing and high plant density were used but the yield improvement occurring at increased plant stand is offset by the reduction in bulb size and some quality indices such as total phenol and antioxidant which severely affects quality and market value, when garlic is produced for fresh market.

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