scholarly journals Advances in the study of bat flight: the wing and the wind

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 977-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Swartz ◽  
N. Konow
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Experimental Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Flight Energetics ◽  
Wing Structure ◽  
The Many ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Bat Evolution ◽  
Experimental Fluid

Bats are diverse, speciose, and inhabit most of earth’s habitats, aided by powered flapping flight. The many traits that enable flight in these mammals have long attracted popular and research interest, but recent technological and conceptual advances have provided investigators with new kinds of information concerning diverse aspects of flight biology. As a consequence of these new data, our understanding of how bats fly has begun to undergo fundamental changes. Physical and neural science approaches are now beginning to inform understanding of structural architecture of wings. High-speed videography is dramatically expanding documentation of how bats fly. Experimental fluid dynamics and innovative physiological techniques profoundly influence how we interpret the ways bats produce aerodynamic forces as they execute distinctive flight behaviors and the mechanisms that underlie flight energetics. Here, we review how recent bat flight research has provided significant new insights into several important aspects of bat flight structure and function. We suggest that information coming from novel approaches offer opportunities to interconnect studies of wing structure, aerodynamics, and physiology more effectively, and to connect flight biology to newly emerging studies of bat evolution and ecology.

scholarly journals Direct observation of the setular web that fuses thoracopodal setae of a calanoid copepod into a collapsible fan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George von Dassow ◽  
Richard B. Emlet
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
High Speed Video ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
And Function ◽  
Oceanic Carbon

SummaryCopepods are numerically dominant planktonic grazers throughout the waters of Earth, preyed upon in turn by a wide diversity of pelagic animals (1,2). Their feeding and swimming performance thus has global importance to aquatic food webs and oceanic carbon flux. These crustaceans swim and feed using cuticle-covered, segmented, muscular appendages whose reach is extended greatly by setae, extracellular chitinous extensions with diverse structure and function (3). Plumose setae, with subsidiary setules arranged like barbs on a feather, have well-documented roles in generating feeding and swimming currents (4,5). Recent work showed that plumose setae of barnacle cyprid thoracopods are permanently linked by setules into a single fan that opens and closes as one sheet during high-speed swimming (6). Intersetular linkage across cyprid thoracopods may greatly decrease leakage between extended setae, ensure even spread of setae within the fan, and promote ordered collapse of the fan to avoid entanglement of adjacent appendages. Here we demonstrate similar setular webbing amongst thoracopod setae in the calanoid copepod Acartia sp. High-speed video directly documents the existence of such links, and reveals that individuals experience apparently-irreparable degradation of the setal array due to de-linkage, with likely consequences for swimming performance.

scholarly journals Implementation of Inquiry Method on Students' Critical Thinking Ability in the Concept of Structure and Function of Plant Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurlena Andalia ◽  
Muhammad Ridhwan ◽  
Roslina Roslina ◽  
Nur Afni ◽  
Burhanuddin AG
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Thinking Ability ◽  
Inquiry Method ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

This study aims to determine the implementation of inquiry methods that can improve students' critical thinking skills on the concept of structure and function of plant tissues at the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh (Aceh State Sports School). The population of this research is the many 112 students of class XI of the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh. The sample in this study were 26 students in class XI-1 as an experimental class and 26 students in class XI-2 as a control class. The method used is a descriptive method with a structural approach. Data collection is done by test techniques and data processing using the t-test formula. The results of the data analysis showed that the average ability or average value of class XI-1 students of the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh in taking the test received 80.7. While the average value of class XI-2 students of the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh in taking the test gets 70. Based on the price of t-counts and t-tables at a significant level of 0.05 with db: 50 of the sample class XI, then t- the count is 6.40 and the t-table is 1.66. So that the hypothesis proposed the implementation of inquiry methods can improve students' critical thinking skills on the concept of the structure and function of plant tissues in the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh is Accepted. It is recommended that this research can increase knowledge through the use of inquiry methods in all biological science subject matter.

scholarly journals The Cytoskeleton and Its Roles in Self-Organization Phenomena: Insights from Xenopus Egg Extracts

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2197
Author(s):  
Zachary M. Geisterfer ◽  
Gabriel Guilloux ◽  
Jesse C. Gatlin ◽  
Romain Gibeaux
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
African Clawed Frog ◽  
Egg Extracts ◽  
Xenopus Egg ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Xenopus Egg Extracts ◽  
Clawed Frog

Self-organization of and by the cytoskeleton is central to the biology of the cell. Since their introduction in the early 1980s, cytoplasmic extracts derived from the eggs of the African clawed-frog, Xenopus laevis, have flourished as a major experimental system to study the various facets of cytoskeleton-dependent self-organization. Over the years, the many investigations that have used these extracts uniquely benefited from their simplified cell cycle, large experimental volumes, biochemical tractability and cell-free nature. Here, we review the contributions of egg extracts to our understanding of the cytoplasmic aspects of self-organization by the microtubule and the actomyosin cytoskeletons as well as the importance of cytoskeletal filaments in organizing nuclear structure and function.

scholarly journals Extensive and diverse patterns of cell death sculpt neural networks in insects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinziana Pop ◽  
Chin-Lin Chen ◽  
Connor J Sproston ◽  
Shu Kondo ◽  
Pavan Ramdya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Evolutionary Role

ABSTRACTChanges to the structure and function of neural networks are thought to underlie the evolutionary adaptation of animal behaviours. Among the many developmental phenomena that generate change programmed cell death appears to play a key role. We show that cell death occurs continuously throughout insect neurogenesis and happens soon after neurons are born. Focusing on two dipterans which have lost flight during evolution we reveal that reductions in populations of flight interneurons are likely caused by increased cell death during development.Mimicking an evolutionary role for increasing cell numbers, we artificially block programmed cell death in the medial neuroblast lineage in Drosophila melanogaster, which results in the production of ‘undead’ neurons with complex arborisations and distinct neurotransmitter identities. Activation of these ‘undead’ neurons and recordings of neural activity in behaving animals demonstrate that they are functional. Our findings suggest that the evolutionary modulation of death-based patterning could generate novel network configurations.

Adaptive optics line-scan OCT for high-speed imaging of retinal structure and function (Conference Presentation)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal Prabhu Pandiyan ◽  
Aiden M. Bertelli ◽  
James Kuchenbecker ◽  
Kevin C. Boyle ◽  
Tong Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Optics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
High Speed Imaging ◽  
Line Scan ◽  
Retinal Structure ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Studies on the relation of gonadic structure to plumage characterisation in the domestic fowl.—II. The developmental capon and poularde

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (711) ◽  
pp. 450-462 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Or History

Among the many sexually abnormal fowls sent to this Department during the last five years by poultry keepers interested in the science of breeding have been eleven birds which together form a distinct class. Instead of developing into normal cocks or hens with appropriate male or female plumage and head furnishings as they approached maturity, these birds assumed, and retained throughout their lives, the characters and behaviour of the fowl completely gonadectomised before puberty. There was never any reason to assume that the underlying physiological inactivity or actual absence of the gonads was other than the result of some developmental disharmony. No sign or history of disease was ever presented. Our knowledge of the adult characterisation of the fowl experimentally gonadectomised when a few days old, allowed us to recognise that in this group of sexually abnormal birds there were genetic males and females in which the gonadic tissues had been absent or functionally insufficient throughout their lives. In one respect only did these birds (save one) differ from the experimental capon and poularde; their combs were not bloodless and scaly, they were bright and healthy-looking, though very diminutive. After having been kept under observation for two years or more, the birds were killed. Post-mortem examination confirmed our anticipations. In all, there was either complete suppression or else very considerable reduction of gonadic tissue. Such cases as these have an important bearing upon the problem of the relation of gonadic structure and function to plumage characterisation in the fowl. The following cases of gonadic suppression and reduction in birds have been recorded : one duck, Netta rufina, with imperfect male characters and no gonads (Poll, 1909); four pheasant hybrids, Phasianus torquatus X P . colchicus (?) (Smith and Haig Thomas, 1913); Syrmatiens recessi X Phasianus principalis , reciprocal crosses, all females had small flaccid oviduct but no gonadic tissue (Phillips, 1916); pigeons and ringdoves, pure bred and hybrid, sixteen with no gonads, fifteen in which one gonad was abnormally absent, seventeen in which various degrees of reduction in the size of the gonads were exhibited (Riddle, 1925).

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