scholarly journals Intraspecific differences in endurance swim performance and cardiac size in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) parr tested at three temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Eliason ◽  
M.K. Gale ◽  
C.K. Whitney ◽  
A. Lotto ◽  
S.G. Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Swim Performance ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Common Laboratory

Pacific salmon encounter widely varying environmental conditions across populations. Performance traits and environmental tolerance limits are predicted to be related to the typical abiotic and biotic conditions encountered by each population. Endurance swim performance at three different temperatures (8, 12, 22 °C) was compared across nine populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)) parr from British Columbia, Canada, reared in a common laboratory environment. In addition, relative ventricular mass (RVM) was compared between good and poor performers from each population. Populations significantly differed in endurance swim performance and these differences were related to the natal lake environment. Specifically, parr populations that reside in warm, shallow lakes (Okanagan, Scotch, and Stellako) had superior swim performance at 12 °C compared with 8 °C. All other populations from deeper, cooler lakes had equivalent swim performance at 8 and 12 °C. Individual variability in swim performance within a population was not due to differences in cardiac size. Similarly, RVM did not vary across parr populations, suggesting that population differences in swim performance were not associated with cardiac size. This study provides further support that sockeye salmon parr are locally adapted to their environmental conditions.

Effects of Androgens, Estrogens, and Cortisol on the Skin, Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, and Kidney in Gonadectomized Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McBride ◽  
A. P. van Overbeeke
Keyword(s):  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Skin Atrophy ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Marked Atrophy

A study was made of the histological changes occurring in the skin, stomach, liver, pancreas and kidney of adult gonadectomized male and female sockeye salmon in response to hormone treatments. The males received 11-ketotestosterone, 17α-methyltestosterone or cortisol for 4 or 7 weeks, and the females received estradiol, estradiol cypionate, or cortisol for 8 weeks.In the males, androgen injection evoked a highly significant increase in the thickness of the epidermis, a marked atrophy of the stomach, and a degeneration in the liver and kidney. In the pancreas, the exocrine portion showed characteristics of cytolysis in the acini, whereas the islets of Langerhans were hypertrophied. These changes were generally more pronounced after 7 weeks than after 4 but, in the skin, no further increase in the thickening of the epidermis was noted after the 4th week of treatment. No differences between responses of these tissues to 11-ketotestosterone and 17α-methyltestosterosne were detected.Estrogen administration in the females evoked similar, albeit weaker, responses in the skin, stomach, pancreas, and kidney than those recorded in the androgen-treated males. The liver of the females exhibited the characteristics of a hyperactive organ, which probably reflects estrogen-induced vitellogenesis.The effects of cortisol were similar in both sexes: little, if any, change was noted in the skin; atrophy or degeneration was observed in the stomach, liver, kidney, and in the exocrine portion of the pancreas, and the islets of Langerhans were hypertrophied. The cortisol-induced alterations were not, however, as pronounced as those noted in either the androgen- or estrogen-treated fish.These changes are discussed in relation to the changes observed in normal sexually maturing and reproducing Pacific salmon.

A hierarchical model for salmon run reconstruction and application to the Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fishery

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1564-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Flynn ◽  
André E Punt ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Process Error ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
River Test ◽  
Run Timing

The goal of spreading the annual catch of a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) run proportionally across all segments of the migration is rendered difficult or impossible because of the interannual variability in both run size and run timing. This problem is particularly acute in the case of the fishery for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, for which traditional run reconstruction models are not applicable because of the extreme temporal compression of the run. We develop a run reconstruction model appropriate for sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay by accounting for the hierarchical structure of the problem and by including process error. Our results indicate that the hierarchical structure is, in fact, not necessary, whereas the process error parameters are needed to fit the data. We suggest further model development without the hierarchical structure, including incorporating in-river test fishing data. The results of our method can be used to address questions regarding environmental or intrinsic drivers of run timing and the possibility of artificial selection on run timing.

Photoperiodic activity changes in juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Spontaneous Locomotor Activity ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Activity Rhythms

Spontaneous locomotor activity was studied in juvenile sockeye salmon under controlled environmental conditions (LD 9.5:14.5 or 12:12; 5 °C; 0.1–34.4 lux). Siblings were hatched in activity chambers and swimming movements were monitored with an ultrasonic system for 11 months. The experiments gave evidence of a bimodal activity rhythm in sockeye fry immediately after hatching. The bimodal, dark-active pattern persisted until 9 days after the fish emerged from the gravel. The photobehavioral response was reversed and the fish expressed a unimodal, light-active pattern 10–14 days after first emergence. This light-active response was then maintained for 11 months.The possible interrelationships between age, photobehavioral response, and activity rhythms underlying the sockeye fry migrations to nursery lakes are discussed.

Spawning success of males using alternative mating tactics in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1785-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Foote ◽  
G S Brown ◽  
C C Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Gonad Size ◽  
Sperm Volume ◽  
Spawning Success

Protein electrophoresis was used to determine the relative spawning success of jack sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, males when they joined spawnings of larger, older individuals in experimental enclosures in the natal stream, Pierre Creek, Babine Lake, British Columbia. We attempted to relate the results to distance of the jack from female before spawning and relative size of the jack to the alpha male. Further, we measured the relationships between relative gonad size and available sperm volume to body size to determine if sperm competition could also play a role in determining the relative spawning success of males. Jack spawning success was variable (3-93%) and not significantly different from that of large males, even though they were further from the female before spawning, had smaller gonads, and had less available sperm. Jack males were adept at sneaking, usually commencing spawning within a split second of the alpha male and always on the opposite, free, side of the spawning female. The results are related to various theories on the evolution of alternative mating strategies and tactics in Pacific salmon.

Simulation Studies of the Adams River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1493-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Model System ◽  
Population Fluctuation ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Predator Removal

The pattern of abundance of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of the Adams River since 1938 is: 1 year large or "dominant," 1 year small or "subdominant," and 2 years very small or "off." In recent years, the subdominant run has shown indications of becoming as large as the dominant. This pattern can be accounted for by a model system in which predation is not sufficient to influence the dominant run, but predators, benefited by the abundance of prey, remove such a large fraction in the 3 succeeding years that the pattern is retained. Buffering of predation by the dominant run accounts for the larger size of the subdominant. Patterns similar in form to those observed naturally since 1922 are produced over a narrow range of parameters, and suggest that the particular circumstances of the Adams run are necessary to the nature of the population fluctuation, but are not so particular that some other pattern could not have emerged with a different sequence of environmental conditions. Taking an array of results of a series of simulations suggests that the odds of developing the existing pattern were about 50:50, although the subdominant run would more commonly become dominant as well by 1951, rather than as late as the 1960's. The double dominance situation is stable in the model system. In the present circumstances it seems appropriate to explore the possible benefits of managing the fishery so as to enhance the growth in size of the subdominant run, and perhaps to consider predator-removal programs to enable development of large runs on all 4 years of the traditional cycle.

Thermal limits and ocean migrations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): long-term consequences of global warming

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
D W Welch ◽  
Y Ishida ◽  
K Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Step Function ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Ocean surveys show that extremely sharp thermal boundaries have limited the distribution of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas over the past 40 years. These limits are expressed as a step function, with the temperature defining the position of the thermal limit varying between months in an annual cycle. The sharpness of the edge, the different temperatures that define the position of the edge in different months of the year, and the subtle variations in temperature with area or decade for a given month probably all occur because temperature-dependent metabolic rates exceed energy intake from feeding over large regions of otherwise acceptable habitat in the North Pacific. At current rates of greenhouse gas emissions, predicted temperature increases under a doubled CO2 climate are large enough to shift the position of the thermal limits into the Bering Sea by the middle of the next century. Such an increase would potentially exclude sockeye salmon from the entire Pacific Ocean and severely restrict the overall area of the marine environment that would support growth.

Homing in Wild Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Populations as Inferred from Differences in Parasite Prevalance and Allozyme Allele Frequencies

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1963-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Quinn ◽  
C. C. Wood ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
B. E. Riddell ◽  
K. D. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Barkley Sound ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

Although it is widely accepted that adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) spawn in their natal stream, there are few quantitative estimates of homing precision in wild populations. The prevalence of two myxosporean parasites, Myxobolus neurobius and Henneguya salminicola, indicated very precise homing in certain sockeye salmon (O. nerka) populations in British Columbia (Long and Owikeno lakes on the central coast and Sproat, Great Central, and Henderson lakes on Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island). These populations were also sampled for electrophoretic differences at 23 loci. Genetic differences were found among all five populations, and estimates of straying from these data corroborated the parasitological evidence that straying is rare (< 1%).

Transmission of Myxobolus arcticus Pugachev and Khokhlov, 1979, a myxosporean parasite of Pacific salmon, via a triactinomyxon from the aquatic oligochaete Stylodrilus heringianus (Lumbriculidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Kent ◽  
D. J. Whitaker ◽  
L. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Myxosporean Parasite ◽  
Transmission Studies ◽  
The Brain

Laboratory transmission studies were conducted on Myxobolus arcticus, a myxosporean that infects the brain of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Attempts at transmission from fish to fish with spores of M. arcticus from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), including experiments with spores aged for up to 9 months in sterilized mud, were unsuccessful. Transmission was achieved when hatchery-reared (in well water) sockeye salmon fry were exposed to the oligochaete Stylodrilus heringianus collected from a lake where M. arcticus infections are common in this fish. All experimental fish exhibited the infection when examined 3 –4 months after exposure. Of 23 sockeye salmon fry exposed to triactinomyxon spores collected from naturally infected S. heringianus, 21 were found to be infected with M. arcticus spores when examined after 3 months. Thus, the life cycle of M. arcticus involves transformation into a triactinomyxon stage in S. heringianus. Alternate development of myxosporeans in aquatic oligochaetes has been established or implicated for nine other species of myxosporeans belonging to three families, but this is the first report of alternate development in a lumbriculid worm.

scholarly journals The assessment of the adult escapement of the Ozernaya River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with the hydroacustic method

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (56) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
K. M. Malykh ◽  
D. V. Demchenko ◽  
V. A. Dubynin ◽  
M. N. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
In Situ Testing ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Imaging Sonar ◽  
Echo Sounder

Results of in situ testing of BioSonics DT-X and Didson hydroacustic systems set on migrating path to spawning grounds of adult sockeye salmon in the Ozernaya River are presented. Two million 374 thousand fishes was recognized and counted for the whole working period of the systems, including one million 276 thousand individuals registered by BioSonics DT-X echo-sounder and 1 million 98 thousand – by Didson imaging sonar. The data on the assessment of Pacific salmon escapement in the Ozernaya River allow to make recommendations on the use of the BioSonics DT-X and Didson hydroacustic systems as a tool for assessment of Pacific salmon escapement in rivers of Kamchatka.

Ultrasound Imaging Used to Detect Cysts of Henneguya salminicola (Protozoa: Myxozoa) In the Flesh of Whole Pacific Salmon

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1312-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Somatic Muscle

Whole sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, were scanned using an ultrasound imaging system. In real images, representing cross-sections of the soma, cysts (confirmed by subsequent dissection) were depicted as dark spheres against a lighter background of somatic muscle. This technique proved to be unsatisfactory with fish that were previously frozen.

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