Upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic strata and their conodonts, western Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1329-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Woodsworth ◽  
M. J. Orchard

Six lithologic units, including two newly named formations, were mapped on Randall, Dunira, and nearby islands. The islands are characterized by greenschist-facies metamorphism and westerly directed thrusting. The oldest unit is a Late Mississippian, massive limestone on Ducie Island. The Dunira Formation, composed of thin-bedded limestone and siltstone, is Early and Middle Pennsylvanian in age. It is unconformably overlain by limestone and dolomite of the Upper Triassic Randall Formation. The Randall Formation grades upwards into a green phyllitic unit of Late Triassic(?) age. Rhyolitic and more mafic volcanic rocks may represent a bimodal volcanic suite of Early Jurassic age, based on a U–Pb date of 188 Ma on zircons. These five units correlate with rocks in the Alexander Terrane in southeastern Alaska. The sixth and presumed youngest unit consists of flysch-like sedimentary rocks of probable Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age that may correlate with rocks of the Gravina–Nutzotin belt. The three older units yielded 15 conodont genera from 29 localities. The 13 Paleozoic genera are described and illustrated.

Early cratonal development of the Arabian Shield of southwestern Saudi Arabia began with the deposition of calcic to calc-alkalic, basaltic to dacitic volcanic rocks, and immature sedimentary rocks that subsequently were moderately deformed, metamorphosed, and intruded about 960 Ma ago by dioritic batholiths of mantle derivation (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7029). A thick sequence of calc-alkalic andesitic to rhyodacitic volcanic rocks and volcanoclastic wackes was deposited unconformably on this neocraton. Regional greenschistfacies metamorphism, intensive deformation along north-trending structures, and intrusion of mantle-derived (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7028) dioritic to granodioritic batholiths occurred about 800 Ma. Granodiorite was emplaced as injection gneiss about 785 Ma (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7028- 0.7035) in localized areas of gneiss doming and amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism. Deposition of clastic and volcanic rocks overlapped in time and followed orogeny at 785 Ma. These deposits, together with the older rocks, were deformed, metamorphosed to greenschist facies, and intruded by calc-alkalic plutons (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7035) between 600 and 650 Ma. Late cratonal development between 570 and 550 Ma involved moderate pulses of volcanism, deformation, metamorphism to greenschist facies, and intrusion of quartz monzonite and granite. Cratonization appears to have evolved in an intraoceanic, island-arc environment of comagmatic volcanism and intrusion.


2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARALD FURNES ◽  
KARLIS MUEHLENBACHS ◽  
TERJE TORSVIK ◽  
OLE TUMYR ◽  
LANG SHI

Evidence of bioalteration of natural basaltic rocks, presently receiving much attention, has so far been restricted to in situ oceanic crust and ophiolites in which fresh glass is still present. Here we present evidence of preserved bio-signatures in the chilled margin of pillow lavas of an old (443 Ma) ophiolite that has suffered pervasive lower greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation. X-ray mapping of initial alteration zones shows the remains of organic carbon associated with highly-concentrated Fe and S. Bioproduction of CO2 is further reflected in the low δ13C values of calcite extracted from pillow rims, compatible with microbe-induced fractionation during oxidation of organic matter. We attribute these effects to growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria at the early stage of ophiolite formation. During energy metabolism these bacteria reduce sulphate to H2S and oxidize organic matter to CO2 . Hydrogen sulphide will eventually react with iron and form pyrite, and carbon dioxide is precipitated as calcium carbonate. The results of this study may thus trigger the search for bio-signatures in glassy volcanic rocks of any age.


1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicé Davis ◽  
George Plafker

Upper Triassic metabasalt from the Chilkat Peninsula in southeastern Alaska is lithologically similar to the Middle and (or) Upper Triassic Nikolai Greenstone from the Wrangell Mountains, east-central Alaska. Both basaltic sequences show comparable petrologic and geochemical features. The informally designated Chilkat metabasalt, which forms part of a Triassic sequence between the Denali fault and the Chilkoot lineament, is included in the Taku terrane, whereas the Nikolai Greenstone characterizes the allochthonous Wrangellia terrane. The Chilkat metabasalt consists mostly of massive to inconspicuously layered flows with well developed pillow structures at the top of the section; the sequence may reach a total thickness of 3000 m. The metabasalt is predominantly amygdaloidal and contains secondary minerals typical of greenschist-facies metamorphism. The Nikolai Greenstone is a widespread, mostly subaerial but locally pillowed, amygdaloidal basaltic sequence that reaches a total thickness of more than 3500 m; it is commonly less metamorphosed than the Chilkat metabasalt and contains secondary minerals typical of zeolite-facies to very low greenschist-facies metamorphism. Both the Chilkat and Nikolai basaltic rocks are predominantly tholeiitic. The major-element compositions of both sequences are very similar and cluster within a narrow range. The trace-element data for both sequences suggest a composition similar to the high-magnesian Columbia River flood basalts. Sediments associated with the Chilkat and Nikolai basaltic rocks share gross lithologic features and a similar depositional environment, even though the upper part of the Chilkat sequence appears to be a more offshore facies. The petrologic and geochemical data are compatible with the inference that the Taku terrane may have been coextensive with Wrangellia during the Late Triassic but has subsequently been laterally offset by dextral movement on the Denali fault.


2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lindline ◽  
William A Crawford ◽  
Maria Luisa Crawford

The Zarembo Island volcanic rocks and the Burnett Inlet plutonic complex in central southeastern Alaska were investigated to determine if they are genetically related. The Zarembo Island volcanic suite consists of basalt, andesite, and rhyolite lava flows, which exhibit features that suggest simultaneous eruptions of mafic and felsic lavas. Five kilometres to the southeast, the broadly layered Burnett Inlet plutonic complex consists of gabbro–diorite and granite plutons that also show characteristics of contemporaneous mafic and felsic magmatism. These bimodal volcanic and plutonic rocks are similar in age, ranging from 18.5 to 21.5 Ma. Both suites show a gap in silica concentration between 60 and 65 wt.% and have similar major, trace, and rare-earth element composition. Both suites also show igneous layering, either as interlayered basalt and rhyolite flows or as alternating gabbro and granite sheets. Additionally, both groups contain magma mingling and mixing textures, including mafic enclaves in felsic members and quartz xenocrysts rimmed by clinopyroxene in enclaves. These characteristics suggest that the Burnett Inlet intrusive complex and the Zarembo Island volcanic suite represent an eroded, shallow-level plutonic center and its eruptive cover. The style of volcanism and the bimodal nature of magmatism suggest that igneous activity occurred during crustal extension and thinning that accompanied strike-slip tectonic motion in southeastern Alaska during the Tertiary. The volcanic–plutonic rock associations now exposed at the surface indicate that at least 7° of post-20 Ma crustal tilting has affected the region and can help to explain aberrant paleomagnetic poles in mid-Cretaceous intrusions of the Cordillera Coast belt.


1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Rubin ◽  
Jason B. Saleeby

Fragments of upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary sequences of the Taku terrane are exposed discontinuously along a narrow belt in southeast Alaska and form a distinct lithostratigraphic package in the Ketchikan area called the Alava sequence. Crinoidal and argillaceous marble, carbonaceous phyllite, argillite, mafic flows, pillow breccia, pyroclastic tuff, and quartzite characterize the sequence. These strata are unconformably overlain by Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous fine- to coarse-grained epiclastic rocks of the Gravina sequence. The upper Paleozoic part of the Alava sequence may be correlative with the Yukon–Tanana terrane, whereas the Middle and Upper Triassic portion of the Alava sequence may represent a metamorphic vestige of the Stikine terrane. Both parts are now exposed on the western flank of the Coast Plutonic Complex, in contrast with their correlatives to the east. These relations suggest that the Stikine and Alexander terranes were juxtaposed prior to deposition of the Gravina sequence. The western boundary between rocks of North American affinity and allochthonous ensimatic crustal fragments of the Alexander and Wrangellian terranes lies west of the Coast Plutonic Complex.


1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1753-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Coles ◽  
R. G. Currie

A qualitative correlation is observed between the northwesterly trending Coast Mountains Magnetic Anomaly, British Columbia, and a systematic, cross-trend variation of measured magnetizations within the more mafic rocks from the Coast Plutonic Complex between 50° and 51° N. This variation partly determines the form of the anomaly. A similar variation of magnetizations in more acidic rocks is not found. Quantitative modelling, however, indicates the presence of deeper, intense magnetizations below the high anomaly in the west. A magnetic crust as much as 40 km thick is consistent with geothermal studies in this region. The deep crust of Vancouver Island is less magnetic than that under the western Coast Plutonic Complex. The concentration of magnetic material may be a consequence of a subduction process, whereby water released by dehydration of the downgoing slab promotes partial melting, with subsequent uprising of heat and melt within a hydrous environment. The water tends to maintain a relatively high oxygen pressure, at least locally, and magnetite forms in the crystallization sequence. As subduction proceeds, this region cools and the magnetic material may then produce a high magnetic anomaly.


1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Irving ◽  
G. J. Woodsworth ◽  
P. J. Wynne ◽  
A. Morrison

The mid-Cretaceous Spuzzum and Porteau plutons of the Coast Plutonic Complex of British Columbia have two magnetizations, A and B. The A magnetization (eight sites, 83 specimens, D = 30.3°, I = 56.7°, α95 = 4.9°, paleolatitude = 37 ± 5°N, paleopole 65.0°N, 14.9°W, A95 = 6.2°) is considered to have been acquired in the age range 105–90 Ma. This result differs from the field established for cratonic North America in this time range. The difference could be caused either by previously undetected tilting about a horizontal axis of the plutons, or by their rotation about a vertical axis and lateral displacement relative to the craton. Previously observed mid-Cretaceous magnetizations from other rock units from the western Canadian Cordillera and the Cascades of Washington, United States, are similarly discordant with respect to the craton. This similarity over such a large area indicates that, although local undetected tilting could be partly responsible, it is unlikely to be the prime cause, and we argue therefore that lateral displacement and rotation have occurred. It would seem that much of the western part of the Canadian Cordillera has moved north by about 2400 km and rotated clockwise since the mid-Cretaceous. The paleolatitude of the southern Coast Plutonic Complex of British Columbia is statistically identical to that recently observed (39 ± 3°N) for three plutons from the Central Sierra Nevada of California, which raises the possibility that the two complexes were much closer together at the time of their emplacement than at present. The second magnetization called B (four sites, 27 specimens, D = 5.1°, I = 67.6°, α95 = 4.7°, paleopole 86.5°N, 51.2°W) is parallel to the mid-Tertiary field, as previously determined from nearby intrusions, and is considered to be an overprint acquired during regional heating and low-grade metasomatism. Some earlier paleomagnetic studies of mid-Cretaceous rocks from the Coast Plutonic Complex indicated either an absence of displacement or uncertain evidence for it, and we attribute this to the nonrecognition, in this earlier work, of similar magnetically stable overprints of Tertiary age. Overprints in several Triassic rock units in the western Cordillera are parallel to the A magnetization, indicating that the mid-Cretaceous and the mid-Tertiary probably were periods of severe magnetic overprinting in British Columbia. Mid-Cretaceous and Late Triassic results from the western Cordillera of British Columbia are systematically different, indicating that movements relative to the craton occurred between these times.


1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1643-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Cui ◽  
J. K. Russell

Major element, trace element, and rare earth element data are presented for Permian to Tertiary calc-alkaline plutonic and volcanic rocks along a transect across the southern Coast Plutonic Complex from Vancouver to Anderson Lake. Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous plutons are divided into two compositional suites based on mineralogy: (1) the hornblende intrusive suite (tonalite, quartz diorite, diorite, and gabbro) characterized by abundant modal hornblende and little or no K-feldspar, and (2) the K-feldspar intrusive suite (mainly granite and granodiorite) containing significant modal K-feldspar and less hornblende. Compositions of hornblende intrusive suite rocks are effectively portrayed on Pearce element-ratio diagrams utilizing axes X1 = [0.8571 Si−0.1429(Fe + Mg) + 1.2857 Ca + 1.8574 K]/Zr and Y1 = 1.1428 Ti + Al + Fe + Mg + Ca + 1.5714 Na + 0.4762 P]/Zr, because the diagram accounts for the stoichiometry of PI ± Hbl ± Bt ± Ep ± Ttn + Ap. Rocks from the K-feldspar intrusive suite are studied on diagrams using the element-ratio pair X2 = [2 Ti + Al + 3.3333 P]/Zr and Y2 = [2 Ca + Na + K]/Zr, which creates a linear trend of compositional variations controlled by the phases PI ± Kfs ± Bt ± Ttn + Ap. Mean intercepts of model trends on the element-ratio diagrams suggest differences among plutons that relate to source-region processes. For example, samples belonging to the hornblende intrusive suite represent a minimum of six batches of magma. Mean intercept values for plutons west of the Owl Lake–Harrison fault zone are significantly higher than those situated east of this structural break. These systematic differences allude to fundamental differences in the nature of Mesozoic magmatism in Wrangellia (and Harrison) terrane compared with that in Cadwallader, Bridge River, and Methow terranes, and probably in the Intermontane superterrane east of the structural break.


2019 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 897-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonggang Yan ◽  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Donghai Zhang ◽  
Punya Charusiri ◽  
Baochun Huang ◽  
...  

SUMMARY Palaeomagnetic constraints are essential factors in the reconstruction of the Mesozoic convergence of Eastern Asia blocks. As one of the key blocks, Indochina was constrained only by sedimentary-rocks-derived palaeomagnetic data. To evaluate whether the palaeomagnetic data used to restore the Late Triassic position of Indochina suffered inclination shallowing effects, we conducted a palaeomagnetic and geochronologic study on a coeval volcanic clastic rocks sequence in the western margin of the Khorat Basin, Thailand. The U-Pb SIMS dating on zircons indicates the age of the sampling section is between 205.1 ± 1.5 and 204.7 ± 1.4 Ma. Site mean directions are Dg/Ig = 217.2°/−39.4° (κg = 45.1, α95g = 10.1°) before and Ds/Is = 209.2°/−44.5° (κs = 43.8, α95s = 10.2°) after tilt correction. The new data set indicates a positive reversal test result at ‘Category C’ level. The characteristic remanent magnetization recorded by the coexistent magnetite and hematite is interpreted to be primary remanence acquired during the initial cooling of the volcanic clastic rocks. The consistence of the corresponding palaeolatitudes derived from the volcanic clastic rocks and the former reported sedimentary rocks suggests that there is probably no significant inclination shallowing bias in the sedimentary-rocks-derived palaeomagnetic data. Therefore, the estimates of the Late Triassic position of Indochina are confirmed to be reliable. The Indochina Block had collided to the southern margin of Eurasia by the Late Triassic and played an important role in the Mesozoic convergence of the Eastern Asia blocks.


1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 854-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Lewis ◽  
J. W. Haggart ◽  
R. G. Anderson ◽  
C. J. Hickson ◽  
R. I. Thompson ◽  
...  

A wealth of new geological and geophysical data from recent studies of the Queen Charlotte region are integrated into a coherent model. In this paper, we summarize these new studies and discuss possible correlations with other areas. Four tectonostratigraphic divisions are distinguished by stratigraphic, structural, and magmatic character, and each is separated by a major unconformity. The oldest division comprises widely distributed, upper Paleozoic through Middle Jurassic strata of Wrangellia that accumulated in volcanic-arc and stable shelf and basinal settings. No significant deformation occurred in the Queen Charlotte Islands region during the accumulation of these rocks. A Middle and Upper Jurassic assemblage comprises two plutonic suites and volcanic and epiclastic rocks. The unconformity below the Middle and Upper Jurassic assemblage marks a regional, southwest-vergent contractional deformation that is the most significant Mesozoic or Cenozoic deformation in the region. Jurassic plutons in the Queen Charlotte Islands are the oldest and most primitive members of an eastwardly migrating and evolving Jura-Cretaceous magmatic front recognized by other workers in the Coast Plutonic Complex. Widespread Late Jurassic block faulting led to differential uplift and erosion of northwest-trending fault blocks. A third assemblage consists of Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks derived principally from subjacent Jurassic volcanic rocks as well as older strata. The present distribution of Cretaceous strata reflects a gradual eastward transgression, briefly interrupted in the Coniacian by progradation of conglomerate fans from the east. A second regional contractional deformation event in latest Cretaceous time was concentrated along a northwest-trending zone coinciding with Jurassic block faults. The early Tertiary marked another distinct shift in sedimentation style, with the inception of local nonmarine deposition on the present islands and widespread volcanism and plutonism on the southern islands. Syntectonic deposition in offshore extensional basins (Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound) may have commenced at this time. Later in the Tertiary, extensive deposition occurred in offshore regions, coeval with northward migration of plutonism and volcanism on the islands. Contractional structures in Pliocene sediments in Hecate Strait are the youngest deformational features observed.


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