Development of successful fish passage structures for downstream migrants requires knowledge of their behavioural response to accelerating flow

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2109-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva C. Enders ◽  
Michael H. Gessel ◽  
John G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Flow Acceleration ◽  
Mechanical Devices ◽  
Accelerating Flows ◽  
Accelerating Flow ◽  
Downstream Migrant

Fish have evolved intrinsic flight responses, allowing pre-emptive avoidance of potentially threatening situations. To direct downstream migrant fish away from deleterious conditions at dams and other barriers, mechanical devices such as travelling screens and fish bypass systems are often installed. However, field observations suggest that if these structures create areas of rapidly accelerating flow, they do not effectively guide the fish. We studied the avoidance behaviour of actively migrating fall Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) smolts in controlled experiments of low-, medium-, and high-flow accelerations. We measured the response velocity (VR) and the velocity gradient (VG) over body length. Although VR varied significantly with flow conditions and increased with increasing water temperature, the median VG at the instant at which smolts displayed an avoidance response was similar over the range of accelerating flows tested. Results from this study present the first quantitative information about the avoidance behaviour of fish to flow acceleration and should provide data needed to help engineers and biologists develop effective systems to alleviate anthropogenically altered flow regimes. Furthermore, the devised experimental setup provides a valuable means to test the effects of accelerating flow on any downstream migrant fish species.

scholarly journals Effects of avoidance behaviour on downstream fish passage through areas of accelerating flow when light and dark

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Vowles ◽  
James J. Anderson ◽  
Michael H. Gessel ◽  
John G. Williams ◽  
Paul S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Fish Passage ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Accelerating Flow

Avoidance of Nonanadromous Fish Passage Impedance Caused by Highway Culverts

1996 ◽  
Vol 1559 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
G. Michael Fitch
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Normal Flow ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Wild Trout ◽  
Trout Streams ◽  
Water Depths

Highway culverts may hinder the normal migrations of various trout species in wild trout streams through increased flow velocity, shallow water depths, increased turbulence, and perching. This can impede migrational movements, affecting the genetic diversity and long-term survival of some species. Often, the proper installation of culverts can reduce the adverse effects on fish while maintaining hydraulic efficiency. This study characterized the problems with existing culverts to develop guidelines for the future use of culverts in areas with high gradient streams. Installation criteria will ideally limit the use of bridges where culverts are appropriate, and eliminate the use of culverts where they would create fish passage problems. This will reduce installation, maintenance, and retrofitting costs. The study concluded that culverts can be considered the primary option for crossing trout streams if the culvert can be placed on the same slope as that of the streambed, the slope of the stream is less than 3 percent, the flow velocity does not exceed 1.2 m/sec under normal flow conditions, and the barrel of the culvert can be properly countersunk at the outlet to prevent perching. Bridges should be used at these crossings if any of these criteria cannot be met. The study also concluded that baffles should not be used to control streamflow velocities in newly installed culverts, and concrete aprons should not be used at culvert outlets.

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DETACHMENT OF SINGLE CAPTURED LEUKOCYTE UNDER DIFFERENT FLOW CONDITIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. LUO ◽  
F. XU ◽  
T. J. LU ◽  
B. F. BAI
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Direct Numerical Simulation ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Simple Liquid ◽  
Cell Capture ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Rectangular Microchannel ◽  
Flow Acceleration

Antibody-based cell isolation using microfluidics finds widespread applications in disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring at point of care (POC) for global health. However, the lack of knowledge on underlying mechanisms of cell capture greatly limits their developments. To address this, in this study, we developed a mathematical model using a direct numerical simulation for the detachment of single leukocyte captured on a functionalized surface in a rectangular microchannel under different flow conditions. The captured leukocyte was modeled as a simple liquid drop and its deformation was tracked using a level set method. The kinetic adhesion model was used to calculate the adhesion force and analyze the detachment of single captured leukocyte. The results demonstrate that the detachment of single captured leukocyte was dependent on both the magnitude of flow rate and flow acceleration, while the latter provides more significant effects. Pressure gradient was found to represent as another critical factor promoting leukocyte detachment besides shear stress. Cytoplasmic viscosity plays a much more important role in the deformation and detachment of captured leukocyte than cortex tension. Besides, better deformability (represented as lower cytoplasmic viscosity) noteworthy accelerates leukocyte detachment. The model presented here provides an enabling tool to clarify the interaction of target cells with functional surface and could help for developing more effective POC devices for global health.

Effect of Turbidity on the Predator Avoidance Behaviour of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Fish Predator ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Predator Risk

The effect of turbidity on the predator avoidance behaviour of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was determined in controlled laboratory experiments. Bird and fish models were used to simulate predator risk. In the absence of risk, juvenile chinook were distributed randomly within an experimental arena in turbid conditions (≈23 NTU), but in clear conditions (<1 NTU) they associated with the bottom. When introduced to bird and fish predator models, the chinook altered their distribution and occupied deeper parts of the arena regardless of turbidity level. However, their responses in turbid conditions were less marked and of shorter duration. Turbidity apparently reduced the perceived risk of predation in juvenile chinook.

scholarly journals Hierarchical Bayesian estimation of unobserved salmon passage through weirs

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1159
Author(s):  
James R. Jasper ◽  
Margaret Short ◽  
Chris Shelden ◽  
W. Stewart Grant
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Model ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Measure Of Uncertainty

We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) to estimate missing counts of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) at a weir on the Kogrukluk River, Alaska, between 1976 and 2015. The model assumed that fish passage during a breach of the weir was typical of passage during normal operations. Counts of fish passing the weir were missing for some days during the runs, or only partial counts for a given 24-hour period were available. The HBM approach provided more defensible estimates of missing data and total escapement than ad hoc or year-by-year model estimates, because estimates of passage for a given year were informed not only by counts for the current year, but also by counts for all previous years. The results of the HBM yielded less variable estimates of escapement than did ad hoc or year-by-year model estimates. The HBM represents a standardized approach to estimate missing counts and total escapement and eliminates the need for ad hoc estimates of missing counts. The model also provides managers with a measure of uncertainty around estimates of escapement and around estimates of hyper-parameters to define run curves in subsequent years with incomplete fish counts.

scholarly journals Reservoir provides cool-water refuge for adult Chinook salmon in a trap-and-haul reintroduction program

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Naughton ◽  
Matthew L. Keefer ◽  
Tami S. Clabough ◽  
Matthew J. Knoff ◽  
Timothy J. Blubaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Potential Benefits

Trap-and-haul is a mitigation strategy at many hydropower dams lacking upstream fish-passage facilities, and protocols are needed to maximise its effectiveness. We used biotelemetry to assess the potential benefits of releasing transported adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) into a cold-water reservoir v. a relatively warm-water tributary before spawning. Over 5 years, we released 160 salmon into Foster Reservoir (Oregon, USA) and another 102 into the South Santiam River near historical salmon spawning areas further upstream. In total, 70% of reservoir-released salmon entered an upriver tributary after spending a median of 3–95 days annually in the reservoir. Data recovered from 61 archival temperature loggers indicated that salmon were ~3–6°C cooler per day in the reservoir than in the river. We estimated that cumulative exposure of reservoir-released fish was reduced by 64 degree days, on average (range=–129 to 392), relative to river-released fish. Release into the reservoir was not risk free; 14% of all reservoir-released fish fell back downstream v. 1% of river-released fish. We conclude that reduced transport distance, reduced thermal exposure and potential survival benefits of releasing salmon into reservoirs should be weighed against risks of factors such as fallback and homing errors.

scholarly journals Fish Upstream Passage through Gauging Stations: Experiences with Iberian Barbel in Flat-V Weirs

Fishes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Sanz-Ronda ◽  
Francisco Javier Bravo-Córdoba ◽  
Ana García-Vega ◽  
Jorge Valbuena-Castro ◽  
Andrés Martínez-de-Azagra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Fish Migration ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Cfd Models ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Hydraulic Barriers

The monitoring of river discharge is vital for the correct management of water resources. Flat-V gauging weirs are facilities used worldwide for measuring discharge. These structures consist of a small weir with a triangular cross-section and a flat “V”-shaped notch. Their extensive use is a consequence of their utility in the measurement of both low and high flow conditions. However, depending on their size, local morphology and river discharge can act as full or partial hydraulic barriers to fish migration. To address this concern, the present work studies fish passage performance over flat-V weirs considering their hydraulic performance. For this, radio-tracking and video-monitoring observations were combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in two flat-V weirs, using Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) as the target species. Results showed that fish passage is conditioned by both hydraulic and behavioral processes, providing evidence for scenarios in which flat-V weirs may act as full or partial barriers to upstream movements. For the studied flat-V weirs, a discharge range of 0.27–8 m3/s, with a water drop difference between upstream and downstream water levels lower than 0.7 m and a depth downstream of the weir of higher than 0.3 m can be considered an effective passage situation for barbels. These findings are of interest for quantifying flat-V weir impacts, for engineering applications and for establishing managing or retrofitting actions when required.

River discharge variability in the rock record? Disentangling the relative role of flow variability and morphodynamic hierarchies on bedform preservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead Lyster ◽  
Alexander Whittaker ◽  
Elizabeth Hajek ◽  
Vamsi Ganti ◽  
Peter Allison
Keyword(s):  
River Discharge ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Fluvial Systems ◽  
Flow Variability ◽  
Stratigraphic Architecture ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Rock Record

&lt;p&gt;River discharge variability is a fundamental control on fluvial morphodynamics and, in principle, stratigraphic architecture. The ability to quantitatively constrain discharge variability from fluvial stratigraphy would newly enable us to reconstruct instantaneous or interannual responses of rivers to climatic perturbation in the geologic past. However, the extent to which we can extract quantitative information about discharge variability from fluvial stratigraphy is currently unknown. Recent experimental work indicates that preserved cross-set geometries can potentially be used to inform formative flow conditions and durations. However, to date, this has not been tested on field examples of ancient fluvial systems. Here we use detailed measurements of cross-sets to assess bedform kinematics and formative flow conditions in fluvial strata of three Late Cretaceous geologic formations: the Blackhawk Formation, Castlegate Sandstone, and Ferron Sandstone, which crop out in central Utah, USA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unanimously low coefficients of variation (&lt;em&gt;CV&lt;/em&gt;) in preserved cross-set heights of 0.25&amp;#8211;0.5 are consistent with the hypothesis that &lt;em&gt;CV&lt;/em&gt;&lt;&lt;0.88 arises from preservation of bedforms in disequilibrium conditions, which typically occurs during rapid flood recession in a &amp;#8220;flashy&amp;#8221; flood hydrograph. Bedform preservation in disequilibrium conditions requires that formative flow durations are shorter than bedform turnover timescales. We reconstruct median turnover timescales of 2&amp;#8211;3 days, with a 10&amp;#8211;90 percentile range of ~1&amp;#8211;10 days, which implies that formative flow durations were of order hours to a few days. These durations are consistent with storm-related flood durations in perennial discharge regimes, as opposed to the more sustained flood durations that are typical of subtropical/monsoonal climate regimes. However, it is also possible that this same &lt;em&gt;CV&lt;/em&gt; signature (&lt;em&gt;CV&lt;/em&gt;&lt;&lt;0.88) can be achieved simply by the presence of morphodynamic hierarchies, e.g. concurrently migrating bedforms and bars. We explore whether it is possible to disentangle the relative role of formative flow conditions and morphodynamic hierarchies on bedform preservation using our field data, models of flood stratigraphy, and estimates of bedform preservation ratios. Moreover, we identify future steps that will further our ability to quantitatively extract formative flow variability and, ultimately, discharge variability from the rock record.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

A Predation Bioassay to Quantify the Ecological Significance of Sublethal Responses of Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the Antisapstain Fungicide TCMTB

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1780-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Kruzynski ◽  
I. K. Birtwell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Marine Predator

The lumber protection antisapstain fungicide 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB) is leached by rainfall from treated wood awaiting shipment from outdoor lumber storage facilities. Stormwater discharges of this pesticide into estuarine reaches of the Fraser River, British Columbia, have raised concern about toxic effects on juvenile salmon rearing in this habitat. Simulated stream flow conditions were used to expose underyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to a sublethal (10 μg∙L−1) concentration of TCMTB. Equal numbers of fin-clipped control and exposed fish were subsequently transferred to a vertically stratified (fresh over seawater) 15 500-L outdoor tank where they were challenged with the combined stressors of salinity and the presence of a marine predator (yellowtail rockfish (Sebastes flavidus)). After 5 d under these simulated estuarine conditions, survivors were enumerated. Chinook salmon that had been exposed to the toxicant were consumed in preference to the control group by a factor of 5.5:1. Inasmuch as predator avoidance represents the successful integration of appropriate biochemical, physiological, and behavioural responses, the predator bioassay provides an ecologically relevant technique to determine the significance to survival of the complex multifactorial interactions of individually "sublethal" stressors.

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