The opportunity cost of information: an economic framework for understanding the balance between assessment and control in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) management

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli P. Fenichel ◽  
Gretchen J.A. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control

Fisheries managers must make trade-offs between competing management actions; however, the inherent trade-offs associated with information gathering are seldom explicitly considered. Incorporating economics into management decisions at the outset can aid managers in explicitly considering the trade-off between collecting more information to guide management and taking management actions. We use control of the invasive sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ) in the Laurentian Great Lakes to illustrate how budget constraints shape this trade-off. Economic theory is used to frame previous empirical work showing that reducing the allocation of resources to conducting assessment, and thereby freeing resources for treatment, would result in a greater reduction of sea lamprey populations — the overarching management objective. The optimal allocation of resources between assessment and control depends on the total budget, the relative cost of each management activity, the marginal reduction in uncertainty associated with increased assessment, and the marginal effectiveness of increased treatment. Formal incorporation of prior information can change the optimal allocation of resources. The approach presented here is generally applicable to a wide range of fishery management and research questions.

Morphometric Registration of Cytotoxic Changes of Epithelial Cells In Vitro: A Methodological Study

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-176
Author(s):  
Lis Andersen ◽  
Dorthe Arenholt-Bindslev
Keyword(s):  
Culture System ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Cell Culture System ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Epithelial Cell Culture ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
And Control

Quantification of toxicity-induced cytomorphological effects in an epithelial cell culture system is described. Estimates of volume density and star volume of mitochondria and lysosomes are given. Mean volumes (n = 5) and coefficients of variation of these parameters were equal in experimental (TPA-treatment) and control cultures. An optimal allocation of resources for estimating cytomorphometric parameters would be to increase the number of culture flasks.

scholarly journals Robust estimation of vertical symmetry axis models via joint migration inversion: Including multiples in anisotropic parameter estimation

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. C57-C74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman A. Alshuhail ◽  
Dirk J. Verschuur
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Transverse Isotropy ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Anisotropic Parameter ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Internal Multiples

Because the earth is predominately anisotropic, the anisotropy of the medium needs to be included in seismic imaging to avoid mispositioning of reflectors and unfocused images. Deriving accurate anisotropic velocities from the seismic reflection measurements is a highly nonlinear and ambiguous process. To mitigate the nonlinearity and trade-offs between parameters, we have included anisotropy in the so-called joint migration inversion (JMI) method, in which we limit ourselves to the case of transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis. The JMI method is based on strictly separating the scattering effects in the data from the propagation effects. The scattering information is encoded in the reflectivity operators, whereas the phase information is encoded in the propagation operators. This strict separation enables the method to be more robust, in that it can appropriately handle a wide range of starting models, even when the differences in traveltimes are more than a half cycle away. The method also uses internal multiples in estimating reflectivities and anisotropic velocities. Including internal multiples in inversion not only reduces the crosstalk in the final image, but it can also reduce the trade-off between the anisotropic parameters because internal multiples usually have more of an imprint of the subsurface parameters compared with primaries. The inverse problem is parameterized in terms of a reflectivity, vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, and a fixed [Formula: see text] value. The method is demonstrated on several synthetic models and a marine data set from the North Sea. Our results indicate that using JMI for anisotropic inversion makes the inversion robust in terms of using highly erroneous initial models. Moreover, internal multiples can contain valuable information on the subsurface parameters, which can help to reduce the trade-off between anisotropic parameters in inversion.

scholarly journals A case history of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) abundance and control in Lake Huron: 2000–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Nowicki ◽  
Lori A. Criger ◽  
Peter J. Hrodey ◽  
W. Paul Sullivan ◽  
Fraser B. Neave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case History ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Balancing ecosystem services with energy and food security – Assessing trade-offs from reservoir operation and irrigation investments in Kenya's Tana Basin

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3259-3277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Hurford ◽  
J. J. Harou
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract. Competition for water between key economic sectors and the environment means agreeing allocations is challenging. Managing releases from the three major dams in Kenya's Tana River basin with its 4.4 million inhabitants, 567 MW of installed hydropower capacity, 33 000 ha of irrigation and ecologically important wetlands and forests is a pertinent example. This research seeks firstly to identify and help decision-makers visualise reservoir management strategies which result in the best possible (Pareto-optimal) allocation of benefits between sectors. Secondly, it seeks to show how trade-offs between achievable benefits shift with the implementation of proposed new rice, cotton and biofuel irrigation projects. To approximate the Pareto-optimal trade-offs we link a water resources management simulation model to a multi-criteria search algorithm. The decisions or "levers" of the management problem are volume-dependent release rules for the three major dams and extent of investment in new irrigation schemes. These decisions are optimised for eight objectives covering the provision of water supply and irrigation, energy generation and maintenance of ecosystem services. Trade-off plots allow decision-makers to assess multi-reservoir rule-sets and irrigation investment options by visualising their impacts on different beneficiaries. Results quantify how economic gains from proposed irrigation schemes trade-off against the disturbance of ecosystems and local livelihoods that depend on them. Full implementation of the proposed schemes is shown to come at a high environmental and social cost. The clarity and comprehensiveness of "best-case" trade-off analysis is a useful vantage point from which to tackle the interdependence and complexity of "water-energy-food nexus" resource security issues.

scholarly journals Exploring the Physiological mechanisms and Ecological Consequences of Energetic Tradeoffs: An Integative Study of the Influences of Avian Malarial Infection on Thermogenic Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Mathew Carling
Keyword(s):  
Life History Theory ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Ecological Consequences ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
The Face ◽  
Allocation Strategies

Survival in variable environments often requires careful allocation of resources to competing physiological and behavioral functions. Because these competing processes often have additive energetic costs (Hawley et al. 2012), a limited resource pool forces individuals to make difficult trade-off decisions regarding energetic investments (Lochmiller and Deerenberg 2000). These trade-offs are a cornerstone of life-history theory that is aimed at determining the optimal allocation strategies in variable environments (Ricklefs and Wikelski 2002), and understanding their physiological and ecological consequences has renewed poignancy in the face of the unprecedented rate of anthropogenic environmental change occurring across the planet.

scholarly journals Heterotrophic eukaryotes show a slow-fast continuum, not a gleaner–exploiter trade-off

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24893-24899
Author(s):  
Thomas Kiørboe ◽  
Mridul K. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fast Gradient ◽  
Using Data

Gleaners and exploiters (opportunists) are organisms adapted to feeding in nutritionally poor and rich environments, respectively. A trade-off between these two strategies—a negative relationship between the rate at which organisms can acquire food and ingest it—is a critical assumption in many ecological models. Here, we evaluate evidence for this trade-off across a wide range of heterotrophic eukaryotes from unicellular nanoflagellates to large mammals belonging to both aquatic and terrestrial realms. Using data on the resource acquisition and ingestion rates in >500 species, we find no evidence of a trade-off across species. Instead, there is a positive relationship between maximum clearance rate and maximum ingestion rate. The positive relationship is not a result of lumping together diverse taxa; it holds within all subgroups of organisms we examined as well. Correcting for differences in body mass weakens but does not reverse the positive relationship, so this is not an artifact of size scaling either. Instead, this positive relationship represents a slow–fast gradient in the “pace of life” that overrides the expected gleaner–exploiter trade-off. Other trade-offs must therefore shape ecological processes, and investigating them may provide deeper insights into coexistence, competitive dynamics, and biodiversity patterns in nature. A plausible target for study is the well-documented trade-off between growth rate and predation avoidance, which can also drive the slow–fast gradient we observe here.

An integrated methodology to assess the operational and environmental performance of a conceptual regenerative helicopter

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (1211) ◽  
pp. 67-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ali ◽  
I. Goulos ◽  
V. Pachidis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThis paper aims to present an integrated multidisciplinary simulation framework, deployed for the comprehensive assessment of combined helicopter–powerplant systems at mission level. Analytical evaluations of existing and conceptual regenerative engine designs are carried out in terms of operational performance and environmental impact. The proposed methodology comprises a wide-range of individual modeling theories applicable to helicopter flight dynamics, gas turbine engine performance as well as a novel, physics-based, stirred reactor model for the rapid estimation of various helicopter emissions species. The overall methodology has been deployed to conduct a preliminary trade-off study for a reference simple cycle and conceptual regenerative twin-engine light helicopter, modeled after the Airbus Helicopters Bo105 configuration, simulated under the representative mission scenarios. Extensive comparisons are carried out and presented for the aforementioned helicopters at both engine and mission level, along with general flight performance charts including the payload-range diagram. The acquired results from the design trade-off study suggest that the conceptual regenerative helicopter can offer significant improvement in the payload-range capability, while simultaneously maintaining the required airworthiness requirements. Furthermore, it has been quantified through the implementation of a representative case study that, while the regenerative configuration can enhance the mission range and payload capabilities of the helicopter, it may have a detrimental effect on the mission emissions inventory, specifically for NOx(Nitrogen Oxides). This may impose a trade-off between the fuel economy and environmental performance of the helicopter. The proposed methodology can effectively be regarded as an enabling technology for the comprehensive assessment of conventional and conceptual helicopter-powerplant systems, in terms of operational performance and environmental impact as well as towards the quantification of their associated trade-offs at mission level.

scholarly journals Cost of resistance: an unreasonably expensive concept

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 51-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lenormand ◽  
Noémie Harmand ◽  
Romain Gallet
Keyword(s):  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Adaptation Theory ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cost Of Resistance ◽  
Genetics And Genomics

The concept of “cost of resistance” has been very important for decades, for fundamental reasons (theory of adaptation), with a wide range of applications for the genetics and genomics of resistance: resistance to antibiotics, insecticide, herbicide, fungicides; resistance to chemotherapy in cancer research; coevolution between all kinds of parasites and their hosts. This paper reviews this history, including latest developments, shows the interest of the idea but also challenges the usefulness and limits of this widely used concept, based on the most recent development of adaptation theory.  It explains how the concept can be flawed and how this can impede research efforts in the field of resistance at large, including all applied aspects. In particular, it would be clearer to simply measure the fitness effects of mutations across environments and to better distinguish those effects from ‘pleiotropic effects’ of those mutations. Overall, we show how to correct the concept, and how this correction helps to better understand the wealth of data that has accumulated in recent years. The main points are: 1. The concept of «cost of resistance» needs to be carefully used, to avoid misconceptions, false paradox and flawed applications. The recent developments in adaptation theory are useful to clarify this. 2. “Cost of resistance” and pleiotropy have to be distinguished. More than one trait is required to discuss pleiotropy. Resistance evolution must at least involve the modification of one trait. If there is an irreducible trade-off on that trait between environments with and without drug, it creates a fitness effect that is not due to pleiotropy. Pleiotropic effects can, but need not, occur in addition. 3. “Cost of resistance” must depend on the pair of environments considered with and without drug. Hence, there are as many measures of cost as there are environments without drug. If the focal genotype is not well adapted to one focal environment, it is relatively easy to observe “negative” costs of resistance. There is nothing surprising about this, and it does not indicate an absence of trade-off. 4. Environments with drug can differ according to the dose. It may be more informative to measure the possible trade-offs among all doses than to focus exclusively on the fitness contrast between the presence and the absence of drug.

scholarly journals Optimal allocation of quantum resources

Quantum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Roberto Salazar ◽  
Tanmoy Biswas ◽  
Jakub Czartowski ◽  
Karol Życzkowski ◽  
Paweł Horodecki
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Quantum Information Processing ◽  
Proportional Fairness ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Quantum Networks ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Quantum Internet

The optimal allocation of resources is a crucial task for their efficient use in a wide range of practical applications in science and engineering. This paper investigates the optimal allocation of resources in multipartite quantum systems. In particular, we show the relevance of proportional fairness and optimal reliability criteria for the application of quantum resources. Moreover, we present optimal allocation solutions for an arbitrary number of qudits using measurement incompatibility as an exemplary resource theory. Besides, we study the criterion of optimal equitability and demonstrate its relevance to scenarios involving several resource theories such as nonlocality vs local contextuality. Finally, we highlight the potential impact of our results for quantum networks and other multi-party quantum information processing, in particular to the future Quantum Internet.

scholarly journals Anomalous invasion dynamics due to dispersal polymorphism and dispersal-reproduction trade-offs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent A. Keenan ◽  
Stephen J. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Life History Theory ◽  
Invasion Speed ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Invasion Dynamics ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Invasion Fronts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dispersal Polymorphism

AbstractDispersal polymorphism and mutation play significant roles during biological invasions, potentially leading to evolution and complex behaviour such as accelerating or decelerating invasion fronts. However, life history theory predicts that reproductive fitness — another key determinant of invasion dynamics – may be lower for more dispersive strains. Here, we use a mathematical model to show that unexpected invasion dynamics emerge from the combination of heritable dispersal polymorphism, dispersal-fitness trade-offs, and mutation between strains. We show that the invasion dynamics are determined by the trade-off relationship between dispersal and population growth rates of the constituent strains. We find that invasion dynamics can be “anomalous” (i.e. faster than any of the strains in isolation), but that the ultimate invasion speed is determined by the traits of at most two strains. The model is simple but generic, so we expect the predictions to apply to a wide range of ecological, evolutionary or epidemiological invasions.

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