A Proposed Method Suitable for Large-Scale Surveys of Biomass in Lakes

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-328
Author(s):  
George F. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Particulate Carbon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Plankton Biomass ◽  
Total Phytoplankton ◽  
Filter Papers

A method for studying plankton biomass by comparing the results between planktonnet hauls and an integrated water column sample is described. Filtering the planktonnet sample through glass-fiber filter papers would yield planktonnet phytoplankton plus zooplankton biomass. Filtering the integrator sample would yield total phytoplankton biomass. Sieving part of this sample would give direct estimates of net and nannophytoplankton which could be used in combination with the values of net plankton biomass to give estimates of total biomass and zooplankton biomass.Ash-free dry weight is recommended instead of dry weight biomass. The results are easy to produce, are comparable with other parameters such as particulate carbon and nitrogen, and are in units which may be used in the determination of trophic status or nutrient budgets for a lake.

A Continuous Size Spectrum for Particulate Matter in the Sea

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 909-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Sheldon ◽  
T. R. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Particulate Carbon ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Good Agreement

The size spectrum of particulate material in seawater can easily be expressed as total particle volume versus the logarithm of particle diameter. This appears to be the most informative way to present the data and it is also aptly suited to the classical divisions of nanno-, micro-, and macroplankton.A realistic measure of the volume of irregularly shaped particles such as phytoplankton chains could be made with a Coulter Counter. Particle volume measurements were in good agreement with estimates based on microscopic determination of particle diameter. There were also highly significant correlations between total particle volume, as indicated by the counter, and particulate carbon and nitrogen.

Plankton and water chemistry in Lake Njupfatet before and after liming

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Blomqvist ◽  
Russell T. Bell ◽  
Hans Olofsson ◽  
Ulrika Stensdotter ◽  
Katarina Vrede
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Particulate Carbon ◽  
Particulate Nitrogen ◽  
Before And After

Moderately acidified Lake Njupfatet was studied during 2 consecutive years, before and after liming (calcite), and compared with corresponding data from six reference lakes. After liming, the concentration of total phosphorus in the lake water decreased by some 30% as did the concentrations of particulate carbon, particulate nitrogen, particulate phosphorus, and phytoplankton biomass. Because of significant increases of inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, the concentrations of total nitrogen and total organic carbon remained unchanged after liming. Before liming, there was a close balance between phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth, but we conclude that after liming the reduced concentrations of phosphorus induced phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth. Liming changed the phytoplankton community structure, most importantly causing the complete loss of the dominant species before liming, the cyanophyte Merismopedia tenuissima. The decrease in total biomass of phytoplankton was not compensated for by a corresponding increase in other species. After liming total biomasses of bacterioplankton and protozoan zooplankton did not change, while total biomass of metazoan zooplankton increased; hence, total plankton community carbon remained unchanged. Phytoplankton, protozoan, and metazoan zooplankton diversity (Shannon index) did not change after liming. Zooplankton biomass remained heavily dominated by calanoid copepods, typical of acidified lakes.

Crustacean Zooplankton Communities of Acidic, Metal-Contaminated Lakes Near Sudbury, Ontario

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2282-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Yan ◽  
R. Strus
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Crustacean Zooplankton ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Total Phytoplankton ◽  
Average Biomass ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Zooplankton Communities

Crustacean zooplankton data for 1973 to 1978 from Clearwater Lake, an acidic, metal-contaminated lake near Sudbury, Ontario, are presented and compared with data from four other contaminated lakes near Sudbury and six uncontaminated lakes in the Muskoka–Haliburton Region of Ontario. Species richness and community biomass were reduced in the contaminated lakes, the latter because of reductions in numbers and average size of community dominants. The greatest reductions were observed in the lake with the highest metal levels, Hannah Lake. Cladocera were much more important contributors to total biomass in the contaminated lakes, forming, for example, 80–96% of the average biomass for the ice-free period in Clearwater Lake. An average of 89% of all adult Crustacea observed in Clearwater Lake were Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Müller). Zooplankton biomass in the contaminated lakes, excluding Hannah Lake, was not significantly correlated with pH, with Cu, Ni, or TP concentrations, or with total phytoplankton biomass. While similarities existed, community structure was different from that of acidic lakes in the La Cloche Mountains that were not contaminated with Cu or Ni. Hypotheses relating to how acidification alters typical phytoplankton–zooplankton interactions were constructed. The scarcity of quantitative data required to test such hypotheses is emphasized.

Relationship between biomass and surface area of Charophyceae

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Tamara A. Makarevich ◽  
Natalia V. Boreiko
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Different Depths

Relationships between charophytes surface area and biomass were studied in oligo-mesotrophic Naroch Lake (Belarus). To determine the surface area of Charophytes the geometric similarity method was used, preceded by dividing the thallus into separate cylindrical fragments. The specific surface area (S/W) of chara algae was determined in different seasons and at different depths. Seasonal changes in specific surface area are weakly expressed. The average S/W value for the observation period (July 2018 – March 2020) was (194,3±29,6) sm2/ g dry weight (cv=15%). The specific surface area of charophytes grows slightly with increasing depth. There is a positive relationship between the dry mass and surface area of charophytes, which is satisfactorily described by the linear regression equation: y = 130,6x+134,1 (y – surface area, sm2; x – absolutely dry weight, g; R2=0,41; P<0,00000). The equation can be used to estimate the surface area of chara algae through the relatively easy determination of biomass in large-scale studies, or in the case of expert assessments, when high accuracy is not needed.

scholarly journals QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE MATERIAL COMBUSTÍVEL NO SUB-BOSQUE DE UM POVOAMENTO DE Platanus x acerifolia

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Scheidt Da Rosa ◽  
Mauro Valdir Schumacher ◽  
Flávio Hoelscher ◽  
Jeison Tiago Alflen ◽  
Luciano Volenhaupt Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Combustible Material ◽  
Plane Tree ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Diameter Classes

O plátano (Platanus x acerifolia) tem despertado a atenção do setor moveleiro, em virtude das propriedades elásticas da madeira. Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar o material combustível existente no sub-bosque de um povoamento de plátano com 4,5 anos de idade, instalado em solo hidromórfico, em Santa Maria, RS. Em nove unidades amostrais, com 4 m2 cada, a biomassa combustível foi dividida em três classes de diâmetro (0,25; 1,0; 3,0 polegadas) com uso de gabarito. Cada classe foi pesada e teve uma amostra coletada e seca para determinação do peso seco total por hectare (em Mg ha-1). Não foram encontrados exemplares com diâmetro superior a 1,0 polegada. Os diâmetros até 0,25 e até 1,0 polegada corresponderam, respectivamente, a 85% (8,42 mg.ha-1) e 15% (1,52 mg.ha-1) do total de biomassa no sub-bosque do povoamento. Os valores apresentaram-se relativamente baixos, provavelmente devido ao elevado grau de hidromorfia do solo na área. QUANTIFICATION OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN THE SUB-FOREST OF A Platanus x acerifolia SETTLEMENT Abstract The plane tree (Platanus x acerifolia) has been interesting for the furniture section, because of the elastic properties of the wood. This work had as objective to quantify the existent combustible material in the sub-forest of a 4,5 years old plane tree settlement, installed in hydromorfic soil, in Santa Maria, RS. In nine samples units, with 4 m² each, the combustible biomass was divided in three diameter classes (0,25; 1,0; 3,0 inches) with form use. Each class was weight and the samples were collected for the determination of the total dry weight in an hectare (mg.ha-1), individuals with a diameter superior to 1,0 inch weren’t find. The diameters up to 0,25 and up to 1,0 inch they corresponded, respectively, to 85% (8,42 mg.ha-1) and 15% (1,52 mg.ha-1) of the total biomass in the sub-forest of the settlement. The values seemed to be relatively low, probably due to the hydromorfic level of the soil in the studied area.

Biometrics, Carbon and Nitrogen Content in the Ophiuroid Ophiothrix Fragilis

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Davoult ◽  
N. Degros ◽  
M. A. Janquín ◽  
B. Soyez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Epifaunal Community ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Content

Relationships between size, wet weight, dry weight, carbon and nitrogen content were determined in Ophiothrix fragilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Such relationships appeared very useful when studying dynamic processes such as nutrition, growth, excretion or reproduction, considered as fluxes of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem.Relationships between size, wet weight, dry weight, ash free dry weight, carbon and nitrogen content of organisms are of fundamental interest in ecological studies of ecosystems. They allow us to understand and quantify the role of a species as it stores, consumes or produces organic matter during its life cycle. Determination of conversion factors are time-consuming but very useful for estimating flows in the ecosystem (Brey et al., 1988). Some compilations of conversion factors have been published (Båmstedt, 1981; Rumohr et al., 1987).Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) is the dominant species of the ‘pebbles with sessile epifaunal community’ (Davoult, 1990), located in the Dover Strait (eastern Channel), where tidal currents are very strong. It is considered as an efficient suspension feeder (Roushdy & Hansen, 1960; Warner, 1971) and lives in dense populations (1000–2000 individuals m-2; Davoult, 1989) which are assumed to have a significant effect on the fluxes of organic matter from the pelagic to the benthic system and on the fluxes of ammonium to the water column (Davoult et al., 1991).Individuals were sampled in May and June 1991 off the Cape Gris-Nez (50°55′N 1°35′E). Two-hundred individuals were measured (diameter ±01 mm, after Guille, 1964), dried at 60°C for 48 h, weighed (±0·1 mg), burnt at 520°C for 6 h (Anonymous, 1986), and the ash weighed (±0·1 mg). Total organic carbon and nitrogen content were determined with a CHN element analyser (Carlo Erba 1106): after a flash combustion in a helium stream temporarily enriched with pure oxygen, quantitative combustion was achieved by passing gases over Cr2O3 after a transfer through a reduction reactor to eliminate the excess of oxygen; components were separated in a chromato-graphic column, eluted, then measured by a thermal conductivity detector. Thirty-eight dried ophiuroids were ground with a micro-grinder, then two sub-samples (except for individuals <2 mm) were weighed at ±1 μg (76 measurements).

scholarly journals Direct Determination of Carbon and Nitrogen Contents of Natural Bacterial Assemblages in Marine Environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 3352-3358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumi Fukuda ◽  
Hiroshi Ogawa ◽  
Toshi Nagata ◽  
Isao Koike
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
C Cell ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bacterial Assemblages ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

ABSTRACT In order to better estimate bacterial biomass in marine environments, we developed a novel technique for direct measurement of carbon and nitrogen contents of natural bacterial assemblages. Bacterial cells were separated from phytoplankton and detritus with glass fiber and membrane filters (pore size, 0.8 μm) and then concentrated by tangential flow filtration. The concentrate was used for the determination of amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen by a high-temperature catalytic oxidation method, and after it was stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, cell abundance was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. We found that the average contents of carbon and nitrogen for oceanic bacterial assemblages were 12.4 ± 6.3 and 2.1 ± 1.1 fg cell−1 (mean ± standard deviation; n = 6), respectively. Corresponding values for coastal bacterial assemblages were 30.2 ± 12.3 fg of C cell−1 and 5.8 ± 1.5 fg of N cell−1(n = 5), significantly higher than those for oceanic bacteria (two-tailed Student’s t test; P< 0.03). There was no significant difference (P > 0.2) in the bacterial C:N ratio (atom atom−1) between oceanic (6.8 ± 1.2) and coastal (5.9 ± 1.1) assemblages. Our estimates support the previous proposition that bacteria contribute substantially to total biomass in marine environments, but they also suggest that the use of a single conversion factor for diverse marine environments can lead to large errors in assessing the role of bacteria in food webs and biogeochemical cycles. The use of a factor, 20 fg of C cell−1, which has been widely adopted in recent studies may result in the overestimation (by as much as 330%) of bacterial biomass in open oceans and in the underestimation (by as much as 40%) of bacterial biomass in coastal environments.

Metabolic signalling and the partitioning of resources in plant storage organs

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL G. HALFORD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Cultivated Potato ◽  
Metabolic Signalling ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Plant Storage

The most important harvested organs of crop plants, such as seeds, tubers and fruits, are often described as assimilate sinks. They play little or no part in the fixation of carbon through the production of sugars through photosynthesis, or in the uptake of nitrogen and sulphur, but import these assimilated resources to support metabolism and to store them in the form of starch, oils and proteins. Wild plants store resources in seeds and tubers to later support an emergent young plant. Cultivated crops are effectively storing resources to provide us with food and many have been bred to accumulate much more than would be required otherwise. For example, approximately 80% of a cultivated potato plant's dry weight is contained in its tubers, ten times the proportion in the tubers of its wild relatives (Inoue & Tanaka 1978). Cultivation and breeding has brought about a shift in the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen assimilate between the organs of the plant.

Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambrož ◽  
Alfred Schroll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Solar Filaments ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

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