Life History Characteristics, Reproductive Value, and Resilience of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s127-s139 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Ware
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Reproductive Value ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Surplus Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi

The energy supply available for growth and reproduction (surplus energy), fecundity, and egg size increase with female size in British Columbia stocks of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Fecundity is directly proportional to body weight, whereas egg weight is a curvilinear function with a weight exponent of about 0.2. The reproductive rate, defined as the product of fecundity and egg weight, is, therefore, proportional to the 1.2 power of the body weight. In 1974, 1978, and 1980 the size-dependent fecundity and reproductive rates were remarkably constant among management divisions along the coast. There is no evidence at present that these rates respond significantly to natural variations in stock abundance or marine climate, in contrast, there were interannual and regional differences in surplus energy that appeared as differences in the growth rate. Cluster analysis of the average length at ages 3–7 indicated that herring returning to the same division to spawn were more alike than those between divisions. An approximate reproductive value was calculated for the Queen Charlotte Island stock from the foregoing information, assuming that the population was momentarily at equilibrium. For the suspected natural mortality rate (M = 0.45), the maximum reproductive value occurred quite late in the life span: between ages 9 and 10. in other stocks of Pacific and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus), with adequate time series, the growth rates and hence weight-at-age have increased by as much as 50% in response to a combination of fishing and adverse environmental changes which reduced population size. Concurrently the age at first maturity fell by as much as 2 yr. It is argued that the maximum growth response of a herring population roughly defines its ability to stabilize itself. If the maximum compensatory response is a 50% increase in weight at age, the population should be able to sustain an annual exploitation rate between 0.2 and 0.3. In principle, at this level of harvesting the population will be as resilient to a short run of unfavorable conditions as an unexploited stock

Growth and Maturation of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s138-s146 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Haist ◽  
M. Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Surplus Energy ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Stock Biomass

Juvenile growth rate, adult surplus energy, and the maturation schedule for the Strait of Georgia Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) stock were investigated over the period 1950–81. The variance in weight at age 2 is largely accounted for by juvenile abundance and sea surface temperature, indicating density-dependent juvenile growth moderated by environmental factors. Density and environmental factors have been equally important in moderating juvenile growth. Yearly variation in maturation of 3-yr-old herring is related to their average length; however, in two of the eight years studied the 3-yr-olds matured at considerably smaller sizes. The variance in adult surplus energy (growth plus gonad production) was largely accounted for by body weight, adult biomass, and sea surface temperature. A dome-shaped relationship between surplus energy and biomass was indicated, suggesting that over a broad range of population size, adult surplus energy is not density dependent. The relationship of sea surface temperature to both juvenile growth and adult surplus energy was quadratic with an optimum value. Recruitment biomass has been a relatively larger component than adult production of total stock growth, particularly during the period of high fishing intensity. This resulted in large fluctuations in stock biomass; in recent years, with lower fishing intensity, adult production has been a larger component of stock growth, and the stock biomass has become more stable.

Experimental Impoundments of Prespawning Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi): Effects of Feeding and Density on Maturation, Growth, and Proximate Analysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hay ◽  
J. R. Brett ◽  
E. Bilinski ◽  
D. T. Smith ◽  
E. M. Donaldson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Total Body

Approximately 3 mo before spawning, Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) were captured and transferred to experimental netpens and subjected to different holding conditions: high, medium, and low densities; with and without covers; and fed and not fed. Mortality during impoundment was low. There were no detectable effects of density or cover, but feeding accelerated spawning time and promoted gonadal growth. Fed fish had significantly higher somatic weights, gonad weights, and condition factors and significantly lower gonosomale indices than unfed fish. Water content increased in all fish from about 70%, at the beginning, to about 75% when the fish were ripe. Consequently, total body weight increased in all females, and somatic weight decreased, but the decrease was feast in the fed fish. No significant differences in the percentages of total protein and ash in the carcass were found during impoundment, but the levels of fat and free fatty acids showed a progressive decrease. Glycogen levels in the muscle and liver were higher in fed herring. Oocyte maturation was normal. Preovulatory atresia of vitellogenic oocytes was observed in all groups. Egg diameters of fed females were slightly larger than those of unfed fish. The evidence for winter feeding in Pacific herring is evaluated.

Fixation Shrinkage of Herring Larvae: Effects of Salinity, Formalin Concentration, and Other Factors

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1138-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi

The most important factors affecting the degree of larval shrinkage of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) larvae during fixation are the salinity and formalin concentrations and initial larval size. In low formalin concentrations (2–5% formalin) shrinkage increased from less than 2% shrinkage at low salinities to about 10% shrinkage in seawater formalin. In high formalin concentrations (20–30% formalin) shrinkage was fairly uniform, ranging from about 3% shrinkage in low salinities to about 5% in seawater. Shrinkage in fixatives stored at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C was slightly higher (1–2%) at the higher temperatures. Buffering agents and starvation had no effect on shrinkage. Small, young larvae shrank relatively more than larger older larvae.Key words: herring larvae, fixation, shrinkage, formalin, salinity

Reproductive Steroids during Maturation in a Primitive Teleost, the Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1996 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Carolsfeld ◽  
A.P. Scott ◽  
P.M. Collins ◽  
N.M. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Reproductive Steroids

Chill Stowage and Development of Rancidity in Frozen Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
R. E. E. Jonas ◽  
Y. C. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Low Levels

Freshly caught Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, were stowed in ice or refrigerated seawater (RSW) at −0.8 °C for 0, 2, and 4 d and were then filleted and stored frozen (−28 °C) for up to 11 mo. The development of rancidity was determined using the peroxide value and the thiobarbituric acid number. During the chill stowage before freezing, the lipids from the flesh were not subjected to any significant oxidation. In Cryovac-vacuum-packed fillets the rancidity remained at low levels during the duration of frozen storage. If oxygen was present during frozen storage, chill stowage accelerated the development of rancidity and this effect was more pronounced in the case of RSW than ice, especially after 4 d of stowage. Key words: Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, rancidity, icing, refrigerated seawater, frozen storage

Comparison of fatty acid profiles of spawning and non-spawning Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi

2007 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Dieu Huynh ◽  
David D. Kitts ◽  
Chun Hu ◽  
Andrew W. Trites
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi

Alternative Harvest Strategies for Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hall ◽  
R. Hilborn ◽  
M. Stocker ◽  
C. J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Harvest Rate ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Current Management Strategy ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Spawning Biomass ◽  
Constant Escapement

A simulated Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) population is used to evaluate alternative management strategies of constant escapement versus constant harvest rate for a roe herring fishery. The biological parameters of the model are derived from data on the Strait of Georgia herring stock. The management strategies are evaluated using three criteria: average catch, catch variance, and risk. The constant escapement strategy provides highest average catches, but at the expense of increased catch variance. The harvest rate strategy is favored for its reduced variance in catch and only a slight decrease in mean catch relative to the fixed escapement strategy. The analysis is extended to include the effects of persistent recruitment patterns. Stock–recruitment analysis suggests that recruitment deviations are autocorrelated. Correlated deviations may cause bias in regression estimates of stock–recruitment parameters (overestimation of stock productivity) and increase in variation of spawning stock biomass. The latter effect favors the constant escapement strategy, which fully uses persistent positive recruitment fluctuations. Mean catch is depressed for the harvest rate strategy, since the spawning biomass is less often located in the productive region of the stock–recruitment relationship. The model is used to evaluate the current management strategy for Strait of Georgia herring. The strategy of maintaining a minimum spawning biomass reserve combines the safety of the constant escapement strategy and the catch variance reducing features of the harvest rate strategy.

Environmental Variation and Recruitment of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (S1) ◽  
pp. s174-s180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Stocker ◽  
Vivian Haist ◽  
David Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Age Structured Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spawning Success

We used an age-structured model to estimate recruitment for the Strait of Georgia Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) population. The model used for herring is a version of the model described in Fournier and Archibald (1982. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 1195–1207), modified to include spawn survey information. Three structural assumptions are made to include the spawn data: (1) the form of the relationship between the actual spawn and the observed spawn, (2) the form of the relationship between escapement and actual spawn, and (3) the existence of a Ricker spawn–recruitment relationship, with a multiplicative environmental component. In order to determine which environmental factors had a significant effect on recruitment, we attempted to explain the residual variation from the Ricker curve with the environmental variables using exploratory correlations. Temperature, river discharge, sea level, and sunlight were examined. A multiplicative, environmental-dependent Ricker spawn–recruitment model was used to identify significant environmental variables. The model suggests a significant dome-shaped relationship between temperature and spawning success with an optimal temperature during larval stages resulting in maximum production of recruits. Also, increased spawning success is associated with increased summer river discharge. The significant environmental variables were included in the age-structured model in a stock–environment–recruitment relationship, and all model parameters were reestimated. The overall model fit improved only marginally with the inclusion of environmental variables, as indicated by the objective function value. However, the S–R component of the objective function dropped by 23% when environmental variables were included.

First report of viral erythrocytic necrosis in Alaska, USA, associated with epizootic mortality in Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi (Valenciennes)

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. MEYERS ◽  
A. K. HAUCK ◽  
W. D. BLANKENBECKLER ◽  
T. MINICUCCI
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
First Report ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi

Factors Affecting the Distribution, Abundance, and Measurement of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) Spawn

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hay ◽  
A. R. Kronlund
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stock Abundance

Records of the date, location, and magnitude of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) spawnings in British Columbia, collected since 1928, were compiled and analysed. In the early years of spawn surveys, adjacent spawnings were often reported as single events. Gradually, this practice has changed so that each spawning has a separate record. As a consequence of this change in methods, the mean length of spawnings has decreased in recent years but the total numbers of records has increased. Estimates of mean spawning width and intensity have also changed, partly due to changing survey methods as well as changing spawning distributions. A spawn abundance index is developed to account for these temporal changes. Abiotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of spawn deposition include sea surface temperatures and the fishery. Biological factors affecting spawn distribution and abundance are not as well defined, but it is shown that in some situations, spawn dimensions may change as a function of stock abundance.

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