Biologically Available Phosphorus: Estimation and Prediction Using an Anion-Exchange Resin

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micheline Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Available P ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soluble P

The suitability of ion-exchange resin extraction for assessing biologically available P (phosphorus) concentrations was evaluated in a wide range of water samples of different origins (natural waters, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and industrial effluents). A recycling system was specifically designed to enhance P adsorption by the resin by maintaining a steep P gradient. Resin extractable P compared favorably with total P, total soluble P, and soluble reactive P, as a predictor of bioassay available P (BAP). Biologically available P was generally greater than soluble reactive P and less than total soluble P. Over the diverse water samples tested, the best model for predicting BAP used resin extractable P and soluble reactive P.

COMPARAISON DE DIFFERENTES METHODES D’EXTRACTION DU P ASSIMILABLE EN RELATION AVEC LES PROPRIETES CHIMIQUES ET PHYSIQUES DES SOLS DU QUEBEC

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. SEN TRAN ◽  
M. GIROUX
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Available P ◽  
Soil Group ◽  
Anion Exchange Resins ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Bray 1

The objective of this study was to compare different available-P extracting methods on 83 Québec soils. The alkaline Olsen’s method and five acid chemical extractants (Bray-1, Bray-2, new Mehlich, North Carolina double acid DA-4 and DA-10) were compared with each other and with two anion-exchange resin methods. The ratio of P-HCl/P-DAF of Mehlich was used to identify the group of soils with predominant P-Ca forms [Formula: see text]. Within this soil group, the Bray-2, DA-4 and DA-10 methods extracted more P and they were less correlated with all the other methods (r = 0.01 to 0.48*). The Bray-1 and Mehlich methods showed good relationships with Olsen, F−- and HCO3−-form resin methods (r = 0.80** to 0.89**) for this soil group, with the exception that Bray-1 solution was more affected by the presence of free carbonates. In the soil group containing more than 0.6% oxalate-Al, the Bray-1, Bray-2 and DA-10 methods extracted more P than the Mehlich, DA-4 or Olsen methods. The F−-form exchange resin extracted more P than that in the HCO3− form. The depressing effect of free iron oxides on the DA-4 method was also observed with the soil group containing more than 0.6% oxalate-Fe. The contents of DA-4-P were less correlated with those of other methods (r = 0.74** to 0.88**) in this soil group. On the other hand, the Olsen, F− and HCO3− resins extracted more of the P-Fe forms from these soils. The DA-4 method was further influenced by the soil organic matter (OM) contents. The relationships between P-Olsen, P-HCO3−-resin with the other chemical methods were also improved by taking into account the contribution of OM contents. Soil texture influenced mostly Bray-2, Bray-1, DA-4 and DA-10 extractable P. The Mehlich, Olsen and F−-resin extractable P was less affected by clay contents while the HCO3−-resin was the most consistant over a wide range of soil textures. Key words: Available-P, anion-exchange resins, new Mehlich extractant, P-forms, soil testing

scholarly journals Interlaboratory Validation of the Mehlich 3 Method for Extraction of Plant-Available Phosphorus

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailin Zhang ◽  
Solomon Kariuki ◽  
Jackie L Schroder ◽  
Mark E Payton ◽  
Charlie Focht
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract The Mehlich 3 (M3) method is widely used for extraction of plant-available phosphorus (P) from soil over a wide range of pH values. The method is also used by many laboratories to determine multiple plant-available nutrients simultaneously. However, this method has not been statistically validated within and among laboratories. The objective of this study was to determine the repeatability (within-laboratory performance) and reproducibility (among-laboratories performance) of the M3 method by using a wide variety of soils. An in-house homogeneity test was conducted for 10 soils. Three replicates of each of the 10 soils were sent to 26 domestic and international laboratories primarily for P analysis. Samples were scooped, weighed, or both scooped and weighed for extraction. The P in extracts was quantified by the participating laboratories by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) or colorimetrically. For the scooped samples analyzed colorimetrically, the repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) ranged from 2.07 to 12.1; the RSDr ranged from 2.2 to 21.4 for the scooped samples analyzed by ICP-AES. For the weighed samples analyzed colormetrically, the RSDr values were 1.099.34, and for the weighed samples analyzed by ICP-AES, they were 1.705.76. For the reproducibility data, the RSDR values ranged from 6.85 to 50.8 for the scooped-colorimetry category, from 6.95 to 73.9 for the scooped-ICP-AES category, from 7.19 to 42.6 for the weighed-colorimetry category, and from 5.29 to 35.9 for the weighed-ICP-AES category. The greatest RSD values were associated with the Susitna soil, which had the smallest concentration of extractable P. Because of the relatively small concentration of P in this soil, the laboratories were attempting to measure solution concentrations that were close to the detection limits. The Horwitz ratios (HorRat) were also used to evaluate the repeatability, HorRat(r), and reproducibility, HorRat(R). Overall, the M3 P method appears to be both repeatable and reproducible across the 4 categories, and the vast majority of the HorRat values for both repeatability and reproducibility were within the acceptable range. The results of this study indicate that the M3 P method for the determination of plant-available P in soil is both accurate and precise when standardized procedures are used. The method has been shown to be suitable for use as a reference method for testing soil materials for extractable P.

scholarly journals Assessment of spatio-temporal changes in characteristics of industrial waste water in Dehradun region of Uttarakhand

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Bharti Ramola ◽  
Ajay Singh
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Spatial and temporal changes in the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, TSS, BOD, COD and concentration of toxic metals viz. cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were assessed in the waste water contaminated with untreated or inadequately pretreated industrial effluents from pharmaceutical industries located in Selaqui area and sugar industry and distillery located in Doiwala area of Dehradun. Four effluent samples A, B, C, D collected from manufacturing and processing industries located in the study area and two ground water samples E1 & E2 contiguous to Selaqui industrial hub and Doiwala industrial stretch respectively, were analyzed  using standard physico-chemical methods. In order to delimit the temporal changes in parameters, samples were collected in three batches at three consecutive seasons of a year. Analyses at STP condition revealed that pH values of ground water samples remained fairly unchanged at 7.01 + 0.14 & 6.98 + 0.04 for E1 & E2 respectively, for two regional variations and three seasonal variations. EC (mmho/cm) varied non-uniformly with highest value of 0.479 observed for sample A in batch 1 whereas lowest value of 0.122 recorded for sample D in batch 3. TDS in effluents of distillery and sugar industry were found to be 3-6 folds higher than the same for effluents from pharmaceutical industries across all seasons. BOD and COD values for the effluents of distillery and sugar industries were recorded unexpectedly higher than corresponding values in effluents from pharmaceutical industries in all the three batches. TSS was very high in the range of 1500 to 4500 mg/l in all the effluent samples except the ground water samples. Highest concentration of heavy metal detected was iron with concentration of 10.80 mg/l. Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni were found to be above the permissible limit recommended by WHO standards. A plausible analysis is made to interpret the wide range variation of the parameters in the light of spatial and temporal change aspects and necessary pretreatment measures to bring down the magnitude of contamination within consent level are suggested.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Natural Wetlands along Wadi Zomer as a Sustainable Phytoremediation Alternative for Industrial Effluents from Nablus West, Palestine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odai Attili ◽  
Rashed Al-Sa'ed
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Pollution Loads

This paper investigated the effectiveness of natural wetlands (Phragmites australis) along Wadi Zomer in reducing the organic and inorganic pollution loads from diverse industrial discharges including occasional emergency discharges from Nablus West Sewage Treatment Plant (NWSTP), Palestine. We monitored physical and chemical parameters at four selective sampling stations (S1-S4) along Wadi Zomer with a length of 5 km downstream of NWSTP to assess the purification capacity of Wadi Zomer treatment wetlands (water, sediment, and vegetation) with Phragmites australis in pollution loads reduction. The results showed that S2 (0+0.5 km) and S3 (0+3.0 km) reflected an increase in pollution loads due to illicit industrial discharge and sewer overflow discharge from NWSTP during emergency conditions. BOD values varied significantly along the sampling sites from 6.64 mg/l (S1) to 437.10 mg/l (S3). The BOD at S1 and S2 in water samples were below the Palestinian Water Standard (PWS) compared to S3 and S4 with 437.1 and 333.9 mg/l, respectively. Water samples from all sites (S1-S4) showed a decreasing tendency in heavy metals concentrations (Fe>Cu>Zn>Cr >Ni) and were below the PWS limits, sediment samples followed the same decrease pattern for Zn, Cr, and Ni content with Wadi Zomer flow course. The concentration of Fe (6687 mg/kg) and Cu (1384.7 mg/kg) were highest in the sediment samples (S1-S4); this might be due to non-point sources of pollution. The research demonstrated that phytoremediation is a sustainable nature-based technology for the restoration of heavily polluted surface water bodies in Palestine.

The Contribution of Agricultural Loading to Eutrophication in Finnish Lakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1133-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kauppi
Keyword(s):  
Algal Growth ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Nineteen Seventies ◽  
Spring Maximum

Agriculture accounts for 9 per cent of the total surface area of Finland and generates the greatest single nutrient input to Finnish watercourses. Since agricultural activity is scattered throughout the whole country its effects in lakes are less pronounced than those of domestic and industrial effluents. On the other hand, point source phosphorus loading of lakes and rivers decreased significantly during the nineteen-seventies. Phosphorus is the nutrient which primarily limits production in most Finnish lakes. The availability of phosphorus in agricultural runoff waters is therefore a crucial question in the evaluation of the eutrophicating effects of agriculture. Our results indicated that in runoff waters available phosphorus can be 60-70 per cent of the total phosphorus. However, the concentrations of available P were so low that they could be achieved in Finnish lakes of low ionic concentration through simple chemical desorption without the assistance of the algal uptake. The utilization of the spring maximum of runoff phosphorus in lakes would thus not depend on the concurrence of the maxima of loading and algal growth.

An Improved Membrane Filtration Method for Enumeration of Faecal Coliforms and E. Coli by a Fluorogenic β-Glucuronidase Assay

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Augoustinos ◽  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
B. Genthe ◽  
R. Kfir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Glucuronidase Assay

A fluorogenic β-glucuronidase assay comprising membrane filtration followed by selective enumeration on m-FC agar at 44.5°C and further confirmation using tlie 4-metliylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) containing medium was evaluated for the detection of Escherichia coli in water. A total of 200 typical blue and non-typical blue colonies were isolated from sea and fresh water samples using initial selective enumeration on m-FC agar. Pure cultures of the selected colonies were further tested using the MUG assay and identified using the API 20E method. Of the colonies tested which were shown to be positive using the MUG assay 99.4% were Escherichia coli. The results of this study indicate the combination of the m-FC method followed by the MUG assay to be highly efficient for the selection and confirmation of E. coli from a wide range of environmental waters.

OPTIMIZING OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS BY OFFLINE AND ONLINE COMPUTER SIMULATION

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Otterpohl ◽  
Thomas Rolfs ◽  
Jörg Londong
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Computer Work ◽  
Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Wide Range

Computer simulation of activated sludge plant for nitrogen removal has become a reliable tool to predict the behaviour of the plant Models including biological phosphorus removal still require some practical experience but they should be available soon. This will offer an even wider range than today's work with nitrogen removal. One major benefit of computer simulation of wastewater treatment plants (WTP) is the optimization of operation. This can be done offline if hydrographs of a plant are collected and computer work is done with “historical” analysis. With online simulation the system is fed with hydrographs up to the actual time. Prognosis can be done from the moment of the computer work based on usual hydrographs. The work of the authors shows how accuratly a treatment plant can be described, when many parameters are measured and available as hydrographs. A very careful description of all details of the special plant is essential, requiring a flexible simulation tool. Based on the accurate simulation a wide range of operational decisions can be evaluated. It was possible to demonstrate that the overall efficiency in nitrogen removal and energy consumption of ml activated sludge plant can be improved.

Using Fundamental Optical Property Sensors for Characterization of Biogeochemical Materials and Processes in Marine Waters

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Moore
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Optical Property ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biogeochemical Parameters

Over the past ten years, efforts to characterize the optical properties of Earth's natural waters have largely merged with the need to better understand underlying biological and chemical processes. Fundamental optical properties such as light level, absorption, scattering and fluorescence are now being utilized with increasing effectiveness to specify particulate and dissolved in-water components in a wide range of applications, including detection of harmful algal blooms, studying ecosystem dynamics, monitoring the effect of industrial and agricultural pollutants, and understanding carbon sequestration processes in the oceans. A diverse offering of commercial optical sensing products capable for research, routine measurements, and in some cases, operational monitoring are now available. These technologies have provided the scientific community with a set of tools for developing, testing, and placing into practice analytical and semi-analytical methods to infer specific biogeochemical parameters and processes. As a result, new, more specialized sensors are now emerging. New sensors couple basic optical property measurements with processing algorithms to provide specific indicators for Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) identification, carbon products, nutrients, and particle size distributions. The basic measurement methods are described and examples of devices incorporating them are provided to illustrate their use in modern oceanographic research and monitoring.

Overwinter changes in Olsen phosphorus in a 24-year crop rotation study in southwestern Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. P. Zentner
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Nutrient Analyses ◽  
Rotation Study

In the Canadian prairie, producers generally sample soils in the autumn for nutrient analyses, whereas calibration of crop responses has been made based on soils sampled in the spring prior to seeding. A recent report suggests that available phosphorus (P) in soil increases between autumn and spring. At Swift Current, Saskatchewan, we have monitored bicarbonate-extractable P (Olsen P) every autumn and spring for the past 24 years, in four cropping systems: continuous wheat (Cont W), fallow-wheat (F-W), and two fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W) rotations. The first three systems received nitrogen (N) and P each crop year, with one F-W-W rotation receiving only N. These data were analyzed to test the authenticity of the aforementioned observations. We found that although there were some apparent overwinter increases in Olsen P there were also some decreases. Further, because of the considerable variability in Olsen P, relatively few of the overwinter changes were significant (P = 0.10). Efforts to correlate the changes in Olsen P to overwinter temperature or precipitation were unsuccessful. We concluded that Saskatchewan soil testing laboratories need not make adjustments to P fertilizer recommendations to account for changes in overwinter soil test P levels. Key words: Soil testing, bicarbonate-extractable P, crop rotations, available P

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