Ecological and Genetic Effects of Salmonid Introductions in North America

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (S1) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Krueger ◽  
B. May
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Native Salmonids

Stocking of non-native Salmoninae into North American waters began around 1870. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Europe established populations across North America and is the only successful inter-continental introduction. Introductions of native salmonids within North America but outside their native ranges have been common. Ecological effects of salmonid introductions. include competition, predation on native salmonids and other fishes, environmental modification through digging of redds in stream bottom substrates during spawning, and introduction of parasites and disease to native fish. Direct genetic effects from stocked salmonids are caused by interbreeding with native species. Indirect genetic effects may result through selective forces and/or a reduction of effective population size, genetic drift, and inbreeding. Management actions used to remove non-native salmonid populations include chemical reclamation and construction of barriers to movement. Salmonid stocking as a management practice is appropriate for species or population rehabilitation. Continued stocking of non-native salmonids should cease where viable native salmonid populations exist. New introductions of Eurasian species should not be made because effects are unpredictable. Aquaculture and the creation of transgenic fish pose special threats to North American salmonids. The era of widespread, intentional introductions of salmonids by man justifiably is drawing to a close.

scholarly journals North American channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: a neglected but potentially invasive freshwater fish species?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1563-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Haubrock ◽  
Gordon H. Copp ◽  
Iva Johović ◽  
Paride Balzani ◽  
Alberto F. Inghilesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
North American ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe North American channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus has been introduced to several locations in Europe but has received little or no scientific study despite its invasive attributes, including prolific reproduction, tolerance to a wide range of conditions, opportunistic feeding, at least partial ‘predator release’, and some evidence of environmental impacts (e.g. disease transmission). To assess the species’ potential invasiveness and the likely risks to native species and ecosystems in Europe, available literature from both North America and Europe was reviewed and used to carry out risk screenings of the species for the risk assessment areas, North and South Italy, using the Aquatic Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK), which was followed by a more detailed evaluation (for both North America and Europe) of the species’ potential impacts using the Environmental Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (EICAT) assessment protocol. The AS-ISK score indicated that channel catfish is likely to pose a high risk of being invasive in both North and South Italy, with EICAT scores indicating “Major” impacts for both North America and Europe, at high and medium confidence levels, respectively. The present results emphasise the urgent need to carry out in-depth studies on introduced populations of this species to understand better its invasive potential so as to inform management decisions on the appropriate control or eradication measures for invaded water bodies.

Role of visual barriers on mitigation of interspecific interference competition between native and non-native salmonid species

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 781-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koh Hasegawa ◽  
Koji Maekawa
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Salvelinus Leucomaenis ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Native Salmonids

Interspecific competition is a mechanism by which native salmonids can be replaced by non-native species. According to the two-species Lotka–Volterra competition model, replacement of the native species would occur when the non-native species has a competitive advantage over the native species and interspecific competition is more intense than competition within each of the two species. However, field observations have implied that visual barriers such as woody debris may slow down the replacement by mitigating interspecific competition. Using an experimental stream with white-spotted charr ( Salvelinus leucomaenis (Pallas, 1814)) as the native species and brown trout ( Salmo trutta L., 1758) as the non-native species, this study examined aggressive actions within and between species to assess the relative intensities of interspecific and intraspecific competitons within native species and the effect of visual barriers for reducing the relative intensity. In a sympatric and no-barrier treatment where trout was the dominant species, interspecific competition occurred more intensely than intraspecific competition among native charr. However, the relative intensity of interspecific competition decreased in a sympatric and with-barrier treatment. Our results suggest that interspecific competition may contribute to the replacement of native species by more competitive, non-native species. However, restoring visual barriers is a potential method to mitigate interference interactions and may deter the replacement.

Status, Distribution, and Conservation of Native Freshwater Fishes of Western North America

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The Status ◽  
Bonneville Basin ◽  
Leatherside Chub

ABSTRACT Outside of anadromous salmonids and a few endangered species, the biology of native freshwater fishes of western North America is poorly known. What do we need to know to effectively manage native species and avoid decline and extinction? A recent analysis of the role of science in the Pacific salmon controversy outlines a clear framework for biological evaluation and management of native species. This framework has three components: (1) determine the status of populations based on genetic and ecological variation, (2) identify and quantify threats to populations, and (3) determine actions to alleviate threats and promote conservation of populations.We use our studies of leatherside chub <em>Gila copei</em> (also known as <em>Snyderichthys copei</em>), a small cyprinid native to the Bonneville basin and upper Snake River drainage, as a case study to illustrate the application of this research and management framework. Recent surveys have revealed dramatic reductions in range of leatherside chub over the last 50 years. Genetic, morphometric, and ecological studies all indicate that leatherside chub comprise two distinct species. Leatherside chub is threatened by both habitat degradation and introduced brown trout <em>Salmo trutta</em>, and the interaction between these two threats exacerbates negative effects.We conclude by showing how studies of leatherside chub can inform and influence management, conservation, and habitat restoration activities.

scholarly journals Can cryptic female choice prevent invasive hybridization in external fertilizing fish?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler H. Lantiegne ◽  
Craig F. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Cryptic Female Choice ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Reproductive Tactics ◽  
The North

Polyandrous mating systems result in females mating with multiple males. This includes the potential for unintended matings and subsequent sperm competition with hybridizing species, especially in the presence of alternative reproductive tactics (sneaker males). Cryptic female choice allows females to bias paternity towards preferred males under sperm competition and may include conspecific sperm preference when under hybridization threat. The potential becomes particularly important in context of invasive species that can novelly hybridize with natives. We provide the first examination of conspecific sperm preference in a system of three species with potential to hybridize: North American native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), and invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Europe. Using naturalized populations on the island of Newfoundland, we measured changes in sperm swimming performance, a known predictor of paternity, to determine the degree of upregulation to female cues related to conspecific sperm preference. Compared to water alone, female ovarian fluid in general had a pronounced effect and upregulated sperm motility (mean 53%) and swimming velocity (mean 30%). However, patterns in the degree of upregulation suggest there is no conspecific sperm preference in the North American populations. Furthermore, female cues from both native species tended to boost the sperm of invasive males more than their own. We conclude that cryptic female choice is too weak in this system to prevent invasive hybridization and is likely insufficient to promote or maintain reproductive isolation between the native species.

Stable isotope niche convergence in coexisting native and non-native salmonids across age classes

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Cucherousset ◽  
Libor Závorka ◽  
Sergine Ponsard ◽  
Régis Céréghino ◽  
Frédéric Santoul
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Native Salmonids

Niche divergence resulting from coevolution is commonly believed to favour coexistence among competing species; however, recent investigations have demonstrated that an unexpected niche convergence can occur when native and non-native species coexist. Yet, our understanding of the ontogenetic characteristics of this niche convergence remains limited. In the present study, we quantified the stable isotope niche of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) in allopatry and sympatry with non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) across four age classes. Our results demonstrated that brown trout displayed a stable isotope niche closer to brook trout in sympatry than in allopatry, which was likely driven by an increased consumption of terrestrial invertebrates by sympatric brown trout. Stable isotope niche overlap was the strongest for young-of-the-year individuals and the intensity of overlap between sympatric native brown trout and non-native brook trout decreased during ontogeny. These findings indicate that niche convergence between the species occur at the earliest age class of the native species and are maintained across ontogeny.

scholarly journals North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 19-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demian F. Gomez ◽  
Robert J. Rabaglia ◽  
Katherine E. O. Fairbanks ◽  
Jiri Hulcr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
The North ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles

Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae) are the most successful group of invasive wood borers worldwide, and the most invasive among them are species in the tribe Xyleborini. This haplodiploid, highly inbred, fungus-farming group is represented by 30 non-native species in North America, of which at least five are serious pests. The few identification resources for Xyleborini that exist are becoming outdated due to new species arrivals and nomenclatural changes. Here we present a new comprehensive key to Xyleborini currently known from the continental United States. Compared to the previous key, the following species have been added to the North American fauna:Ambrosiodmusminor(Stebbing),Ambrosiophilusnodulosus(Eggers),AnisandrusmaicheKurentsov,Coptoboruspseudotenuis(Schedl),Cyclorhipidionfukiense(Eggers),DryocoetoidesreticulatusAtkinson,Dryoxylononoharaense(Murayama),Euwallaceainterjectus(Blandford),Xyleborinusandrewesi(Blandford),Xyleborinusartestriatus(Eichhoff),Xyleborinusoctiesdentatus(Murayama),XyleborusbispinatusEichhoff,XyleborusseriatusBlandford,XyleborusspinulosusBlandford, andXylosandrusamputatus(Blandford).

Interspecific competition reduces the performance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: implications for restoration programs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W A Grant ◽  
Laura K. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Native Salmonids

Competition from non-native salmonids is potentially impairing efforts to restore Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to parts of their historical range. In three separate meta-analyses, we collected 104 effect sizes from 25 published papers to quantify the effect of both native and non-native salmonids on the performance (i.e. behaviour, habitat use, growth and survival) of Atlantic salmon. The presence of other species had negative effects on the performance of Atlantic salmon; in particular, non-native species and brown trout (Salmo trutta), whether native or non-native, had the most negative effects. Contrary to our predictions, the negative effects of other species were not exacerbated in laboratory compared to field studies, and did not increase with total salmonid abundance, or the relative body size of the competitors. However, most studies in our analysis were conducted under laboratory conditions and at densities much higher than found in nature. Thus, a realistic assessment of the potential success of restoration programs when interspecific competitors are present should include more studies conducted under natural conditions.

Phragmites australis (common reed).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Parker
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Wetland Habitats

Abstract Phragmites australis, the common reed, is an aggressive, vigorous species which, in suitable habitats, will out-compete virtually all other species and form a totally dominant stand. Its invasive character has been particularly apparent in North America where it has become dominant in a range of wetland habitats replacing native species and biotypes including the native North American P. australis subsp. americanus. Bird, fish and insect populations can also be affected.

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