IN VITRO EMBRYOGENESIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN MAMMALS

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Anil B. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Gene Action ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Oocyte Cytoplasm ◽  
In Vitro Embryogenesis ◽  
Spermatozoa Maturation

A complete in vitro technique has been developed in the mouse for capacitation of epididymal spermatozoa, maturation of ovarian oocytes and fertilization of such gemetes to give rise to viable embryos, which, when transplanted to proper recipients result in normal, fertile progeny. This technique, although it requires perfection, has many future possibilities and potential applications as a research tool in solving problems of mammalian reproductive physiology and developmental biology. It may be useful in the investigation of (a) gene action in the X chromosome and initiation of X-inactivation during embryogenesis; (b) nuclear transplantation and the ontogenetic commitment of oocyte cytoplasm; (c) the role of drugs, mutagens and carcinogens in the fetal environment; (d) genetic engineering; eg. enzyme induction and (e) many problems involving fertility and sterility.

Role of Erythropoietin in Megakaryocyte Colony Formation in Man

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Vainehenker ◽  
J. Breton-Gorius
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Plasma Clot ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
One Step ◽  
Stimulating Factor

We have recently realized megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation in culture from blood and bone marrow progenitors using the plasma clot technique. In this study, the MK stimulating factor was an erythropoietin (Epo) either a poorly purified one(step III from anaemic sheep serum, a crude serum from anaemic mice, an urinary human Epo) or a highly purified one (GOLDWASSER). Similar results were obtained with all these Epo. A linear relationship was found between the number of colonies and seeded cells. However with less than 5.105 plated cells from the blood, no MK colonies were obtained, although erythroid colonies could be grown. In contrast, without Epo, spontaneous colonies could be observed which represented 1/5 th of the maximum plating efficiency , in these eases no erythroid colonies were present. These data suggest that Epo itself acts an a MK colony stimulating factor; but is not the only factor involved in the formation of MK colonies. This in vitro technique will be useful of in determining the factors regulating megakaryocytopoiesis.

Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Chastant-Maillard ◽  
Martine Chebrout ◽  
Sandra Thoumire ◽  
Marie Saint-Dizier ◽  
Marc Chodkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Biological Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fertilisation Rate

Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low (∼10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained. Thus, the latest reproductive technologies are further advanced than in vitro embryo production. The lack of fundamental studies on the specific features of reproductive physiology and developmental biology in the canine is regrettable in view of the increasing role of dogs in our society and of the current demand for new biological models in biomedical technology.

The effect of hypophysectomy and prolactin treatment on the osmotic water influx into the isolated gills of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizuho Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Japonica ◽  
Japanese Eel ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Osmotic Water

An in vitro technique has been used to measure the osmotic water influx into the isolated gills and the osmotic permeability of the gill surface of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Hypophysectomy increases both of these measurements. Prolactin injections decrease both osmotic water influx and osmotic permeability to water in both the intact and hypophysectomized eels in fresh water but produce no change in either of these parameters when the fish (either intact or hypophysectomized) are in sea water. The possible role of the pituitary (especially prolactin) in osmoregulation of fishes is discussed and considered in relation to the environmental calcium in sea water.

scholarly journals Amorphous and Crystalline Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Cesarz-Andraczke ◽  
Aneta Kania ◽  
Katarzyna Młynarek ◽  
Rafał Babilas
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
In Vitro Degradation ◽  
Potential Applications

Amorphous and crystalline magnesium alloys, developed for medical applications – especially implantology – present the characteristics of biocompatible magnesium alloys (Mg-Zn, Mg-Zn-Ca, Mg-Ca etc.). This chapter provides a brief description of the role of magnesium in the human body and the use of Mg in medicine. It presents the concept of using magnesium alloys in medicine (advantages and limitations) and the scope of their potential applications (orthopedic implantology, cardiac surgery etc.). The chapter shows classification of magnesium alloys as potential biomaterials, due to their structure (amorphous, crystalline) and alloying elements (rare earth elements, noble metals etc.). The mechanism and in vitro degradation behavior of magnesium alloys with amorphous and crystalline structures are described. The chapter also discusses the influence of alloying elements (rare earth elements, noble metals) on the in vitro degradation process. It also presents the methods of reducing the degradation rate of magnesium alloys by modifying their surface (application of protective layers).

Development of an In Vitro technique to investigate the role of biotin in regulating wool growth in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 183-183
Author(s):  
A.M. Tahmasbi ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J.R. Scaife
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Production ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
B Vitamin ◽  
Sheep Wool

The development of in vitro culture techniques (Ibraheem et al, 1993, 1994) for the study of caprine hair follicles has proved useful in elucidating aspects of the control of cashmere and mohair fibre production. There is a similar need to investigate nutritional and other factors which regulate the growth of sheep wool. The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro technique to study the role of the B-vitamin biotin in controlling growth and viability of sheep wool follicles.

scholarly journals Dual Role of Chondrocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Chicken and the Egg

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chun Tseng ◽  
Yi-Jen Chen ◽  
Wei-An Chang ◽  
Wen-Chan Tsai ◽  
Tsan-Teng Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cartilage Destruction ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Holistic Vision

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the inflammatory joint diseases that display features of articular cartilage destruction. The underlying disturbance results from immune dysregulation that directly and indirectly influence chondrocyte physiology. In the last years, significant evidence inferred from studies in vitro and in the animal model offered a more holistic vision of chondrocytes in RA. Chondrocytes, despite being one of injured cells in RA, also undergo molecular alterations to actively participate in inflammation and matrix destruction in the human rheumatoid joint. This review covers current knowledge about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms that account for the chondrocyte signatures of RA and its potential applications for diagnosis and prognosis in RA.

Development of an In Vitro technique to investigate the role of biotin in regulating wool growth in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 183-183
Author(s):  
A.M. Tahmasbi ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J.R. Scaife
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Production ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
B Vitamin ◽  
Sheep Wool

The development of in vitro culture techniques (Ibraheem et al, 1993, 1994) for the study of caprine hair follicles has proved useful in elucidating aspects of the control of cashmere and mohair fibre production. There is a similar need to investigate nutritional and other factors which regulate the growth of sheep wool. The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro technique to study the role of the B-vitamin biotin in controlling growth and viability of sheep wool follicles.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles as Novel Elicitors to Improve Bioactive Compounds in Plants

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Samantha de Jesus Rivero-Montejo ◽  
Marcela Vargas-Hernandez ◽  
Irineo Torres-Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Bioactive compounds (e.g., flavonoids, phenolics acids, alkaloids and carotenoids) are commercially-valued products, due to their wide array of applications in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic, agriculture and food industry. A strategy applied to increase or enhancing bioactive compounds production in plants is controlled elicitation. In recent years, many researchers have studied the role of nanoparticles (NPs) as a novel elicitor for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds shown that the NPs could affect the plant’s secondary metabolism in plant and culture systems. In this sense, recent studies have highlighted the potential applications of nanotechnology in crop production by improving the nutraceutical and nutritional quality of plants. In this review, we present studies about the application of NPs to enhance the production of bioactive plant metabolites. The aforementioned studies in ex vitro as in vitro, in addition to the effect of post-harvest by NPs application.

scholarly journals Directed evolution of the PcaV allosteric transcription factor to generate a biosensor for aromatic aldehydes

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopoldo F. M. Machado ◽  
Andrew Currin ◽  
Neil Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Directed Evolution ◽  
Aromatic Aldehydes ◽  
Ligand Specificity ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Substituted Benzoic Acids

Abstract Background Transcription factor-based biosensors are useful tools for the detection of metabolites and industrially valuable molecules, and present many potential applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. However, the most common approach to develop biosensors relies on employing a limited set of naturally occurring allosteric transcription factors (aTFs). Therefore, altering the ligand specificity of aTFs towards the detection of new effectors is an important goal. Results Here, the PcaV repressor, a member of the MarR aTF family, was used to develop a biosensor for the detection of hydroxyl-substituted benzoic acids, including protocatechuic acid (PCA). The PCA biosensor was further subjected to directed evolution to alter its ligand specificity towards vanillin and other closely related aromatic aldehydes, to generate the Van2 biosensor. Ligand recognition of Van2 was explored in vitro using a range of biochemical and biophysical analyses, and extensive in vivo genetic-phenotypic analysis was performed to determine the role of each amino acid change upon biosensor performance. Conclusions This is the first study to report directed evolution of a member of the MarR aTF family, and demonstrates the plasticity of the PCA biosensor by altering its ligand specificity to generate a biosensor for aromatic aldehydes.

scholarly journals Directed evolution of the PcaV allosteric transcription factor to generate a biosensor for aromatic aldehydes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopoldo F. M. Machado ◽  
Andrew Currin ◽  
Neil Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Directed Evolution ◽  
Aromatic Aldehydes ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Substituted Benzoic Acids

AbstractBackgroundGenetically encoded biosensors are useful tools for the detection of metabolites and industrially valuable molecules, and present many potential applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. However, the most common approach to develop biosensors relies on employing a limited set of naturally occurring allosteric transcript factors (aTFs). Therefore, altering the substrate specificity of aTFs towards the detection of new effectors is an important goal.ResultsHere, the PcaV repressor, a member of the MarR aTF family, was used to develop a biosensor for the detection of hydroxyl-substituted benzoic acids, including protocatechuic acid (PCA). The PCA biosensor was further subjected to directed evolution to alter its substrate specificity towards vanillin and other closely related aromatic aldehydes, to generate the Van2 biosensor. Substrate recognition of Van2 was explored in vitro using a range of biochemical and biophysical analyses, and extensive in vivo genetic-phenotypic analysis was performed to determine the role of each amino acid change upon biosensor performance.ConclusionsThis is the first study to report directed evolution of a member of the MarR aTF family, and demonstrates the plasticity of the PCA biosensor by altering its substrate specificity to generate a biosensor for aromatic aldehydes.

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