Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurdev S Khush
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

In the 1960s there were large-scale concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However, widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by 80%, but food production more than doubled. The technological advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food production over the last 30 years was the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability. The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the 1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.Key words: food security, environmental sustainability, high-yielding varieties, yield potential, yield stability.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Determinants Of Agricultural Productivity Of Food Grains In India: An Econometric Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAIBALYAPATI MISHRA ◽  
Lipsa Misra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Econometric Approach

This paper tries to recheck the determinants of food grains production in India. After the Green revolution & New economic policy reforms India has been self sufficient in food grain production. It is evident from the available literature that, there is a need of rechecking the causality amongst the factors in details. This paper uses VECM method to examine such relationships. Datas collected here are mostly of secondary nature.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Determinants Of Agricultural Productivity Of Food Grains In India: An Econometric Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAIBALYAPATI MISHRA ◽  
Lipsa Misra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Econometric Approach

This paper tries to recheck the determinants of food grains production in India. After the Green revolution & New economic policy reforms India has been self sufficient in food grain production. It is evident from the available literature that, there is a need of rechecking the causality amongst the factors in details. This paper uses VECM method to examine such relationships. Datas collected here are mostly of secondary nature.

scholarly journals Sustaining Crop Production in Rainfed Areas in India: Issues and Strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-173
Author(s):  
Raj Singh ◽  
Anchal Dass ◽  
V. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Rainfed Agriculture ◽  
Livestock Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Food Grain

The Agriculture sector plays an important role in the Indian Economy. Besides assuring the food grain security to nearly 1350 million (m) human population and fodder security to 512.05 m livestock population of the country, it contributes about 16% of total GDP, 12.5% of total export, and provides employment to over 50% total workforce of the country. Owing to the introduction of improved production technologies, expansion of irrigation facilities, increase the use of synthetic inputs, popularization of the technologies, implementation of policies for the agricultural development and greater investment in agricultural sector, food grain output in the country increased from 51.8 million tons (m.t) in 1950-51 to 285.01 m t in 2018-19. The growth rate of food grain production for the period between 2010-11 and 2017-18 was almost double the population growth rate. Despite the overwhelming growth in food grain production, market size, availability of improved production technologies and being the front ranking producer of many crops in the world, Indian agriculture is still facing several challenges, which are severely affecting its performance, income, employment and livelihood of the farmers. Rainfed agriculture in India occupies the largest area and the value of the produce in the world. It accounts for nearly 52% of the total net cultivated area of the country. Rainfed agriculture must play an important role in food security and sustainability of livelihoods because almost 40% human and 60% livestock population of the country depend on it. But, it is And characterized by unstable yield, dominance of marginal and small operational holdings, occurrence of frequent drought, low income, and lack of regular employment, food insecurity, out migration, malnutrition and poor socio-economic status of the inhabitants of the rainfed regions. In the era of globalization, transformation of subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture coupled with increase of income higher per unit area is the need of the day to sustain the people’s livelihood in the rainfed regions. Efficient use of rainwater and soil moisture, adoption of improved production technologies of crop production, alternate land use systems (ALUS), integrated farming systems (IFSs), conservation of natural resources and better access to markets are of prime importance not only for enhancing crop production, income and employment, but also to sustain the livelihoods of the farmers under variable climatic condition of the rainfed regions. Hence, efforts have been made to discuss the constraints and improved production technologies, which can be effective to realize higher crop productivity and income from the rainfed agriculture in India.

scholarly journals How trade can drive inclusive and sustainable food system outcomes in food deficit low-income countries

Food Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siemen van Berkum
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Food Deficit

AbstractRecent decades have seen food markets and value chains become increasingly global—a trend that creates challenges as well as opportunities for food systems. Positive trade effects on food security are not always self-evident in food deficit low-income countries. Moreover, whereas international trade may also be used to balance regional differences in climate change impacts and biodiversity, trade can exacerbate environmental challenges associated with food production, land use and climate change. This article argues that, for trade to drive inclusive and sustainable growth of nutritious food production in food deficit low-income countries, policies and investments in these countries must focus on three key priorities: 1) diversifying production and markets to increase resilience to external shocks; 2) enhancing competitiveness and improving market access for local farmers and SMEs, and 3) incorporating externalities in international trade. The latter requires collective international action.

scholarly journals Nutrient Adequacy of Global Food Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canxi Chen ◽  
Abhishek Chaudhary ◽  
Alexander Mathys
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy

A major challenge for countries around the world is to provide a nutritionally adequate diet to their population with limited available resources. A comprehensive analysis that reflects the adequacy of domestic food production for meeting national nutritional needs in different countries is lacking. Here we combined national crop, livestock, aquaculture, and fishery production statistics for 191 countries obtained from UN FAO with food composition databases from USDA and accounted for food loss and waste occurring at various stages to calculate the amounts of calories and 24 essential nutrients destined for human consumption. We then compared the domestic production quantities of all nutrients with their population-level requirements estimated from age- and sex-specific intake recommendations of WHO to assess the nutrient adequacy of the national food production. Our results show inadequate production of seven out of 24 nutrients (choline, calcium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin E, folate, and iron) in most countries, despite the overall adequacy of the total global production. High-income countries produce adequate amounts of dietary nutrients in general, while the foods produced in low-income countries mainly comprising roots and cereal products often lack in important micronutrients such as choline, calcium, and vitamin B12. South Asian food production barely fulfills half of the required vitamin A. Our study identifies target nutrients for each country whose domestic production should be encouraged for improving nutritional adequacy through interventions such as increasing the production of foods or fortified foods that are rich in these inadequate nutrients while not undermining the local environment. This assessment can serve as an evidence base for nutrition-sensitive policies facilitating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of zero hunger and good health and well-being.

‘Green revolution’ dwarf gene sd1 of rice has gigantic impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 390-409
Author(s):  
Vikram Singh Gaur ◽  
Giresh Channappa ◽  
Mridul Chakraborti ◽  
Tilak Raj Sharma ◽  
Tapan Kumar Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Dwarf Gene ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal that has fed the world over a longer period. Before green revolution, cultivated rice is believed to have consisted of thousands of landraces each adapted to its specific climatic conditions by surviving against different abiotic and biotic selection pressure. However, owing to the low yield, photo-period sensitivity, late maturity and sensitivity to lodging of these landraces grown world-wide, serious concerns of impending global food crisis was felt during the 1960s because of (i) unprecedented increase of the population and (ii) concomitant decline in the cultivable land. Fortunately, high-yielding varieties developed through the introgression of the semi-dwarf1 gene (popularly known as sd1) during the 1960s led to significant increments in the food grain production that averted the apprehensions of nearing famine. This historical achievement having deep impact in the global agriculture is popularly referred as ‘Green Revolution.’ In this paper, we reviewed, its genetics as well as molecular regulations, evolutionary relationship with orthologous genes from other cereals as well as pseudo-cereals and attempted to provide an up-to-date information about its introgression to different rice cultivars of the world.

scholarly journals Challenges to meet: food and nutrition security in the new millennium

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Scientific Advance ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Staples

Before about 1750 there was no substantial secular fall in protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) over large areas, nor reason to expect it. We have since learned that sufficient economic advance (poverty reduction) plus scientific advance (in medicine and food production) are achievable to eliminate mass PEM. The two advances are linked via increased demand for labour, and hence wages and employment, for those formerly too poor to afford adequate food. The extra employment income arises first from smallholder and employee food production, and later, as labour is released, from a wide range of specialised, increasingly non-farm, production, with employment income traded for food. This process eliminated mass hunger in Europe in 1750–1960. Only by 1975 had PEM in the developing world retreated to (very high) 1936–8 levels, but it fell sharply in Asia and Latin America in 1975–1990, due to unprecedented growth in staples yields, smallholder and farm employment income, and hence the poor's purchasing power over food. However, since 1990, poverty reduction has slowed (before reaching most of Africa), alongside much slower-staples yield growth, increasing water shortages, and big shifts of grain and land from man to farm animals. These trends prefigure declining progress against PEM in coming decades, unless there is renewed, employment-intensive food-staples-yield growth. That process requires reorienting crop biotechnology and water science towards the needs of small tropical farmers and their staple food crops, and shifting land towards them. Mass PEM is indeed largely due to inadequate ‘food entitlements’ by the hungry, but will not be remedied without growth in their employment, based on further advances in food-staples yields per unit land and water. Recent evidence suggests that early PEM may increase lifelong risks of infection and/or degenerative disease. This factor would increase the ‘squeeze’ on health resources in low-income countries, between the diseases of poverty and those of old age. That situation increases the need to readdress PEM by renewed progress in food production and land distribution.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Determinants Of Agricultural Productivity Of Food Grains In India: An Econometric Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAIBALYAPATI MISHRA ◽  
Lipsa Misra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Econometric Approach

This paper tries to visit and check the determinants of food grains production in India. After the Green revolution & New economic policy reforms India has been self sufficient in food grain production. It is evident from the available literature that, there is a need of rechecking the causality amongst the factors in details. This paper uses VECM method to examine such relationships. Datas collected here are mostly of secondary nature.

scholarly journals Linking Responsible Consumption and Production: A Global Assessment of Cropland Use for Agri-Food Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abdullah Shaikh ◽  
Michalis Hadjikakou ◽  
Ozge Geyik ◽  
Brett Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
National Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Responsible Consumption ◽  
Environmental Limits

Sustainable Development Goal 12 requires countries to achieve responsible consumption and production patterns without exceeding safe environmental limits for natural resource use. However, little is known about how cropland impacts from the agri-food sector contribute to the exceedance of national environmental limits for consumption and production. Using a multi-regional input-output model, we linked the cropland impacts of agri-food production to countries of consumption while considering the exceedance of production-based and consumption-based environmental limits. We defined national consumption-based environmental limits via the fair-share approach and quantified national production-based environmental limits according to the biophysical limit of available arable land. We then classified countries into quadrants according to their exceedance of consumption and/or production environmental limits. We found that the USA, Australia and other high-income countries were exceeding both consumption-based and production-based environmental limits. High-population but low-income countries such as India and China were within safe consumption-based environmental limits but exceeded production-based environmental limits. Brazil and other countries of the Americas incurred substantial environmental costs due to the conversion of forests into cropland to produce food for export. We identified patterns in international trade relationships that could inform national-level responsible agri-food consumption and production patterns across the global supply chain, thereby contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 12. More stringent regulations and commitments in national and international policies are required to reduce the exceedance of consumption-based and production-based environmental limits and avoid exceeding the global land-system change planetary boundary.

Smart Way to Nutritional Security in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
YASIN JESHIMA KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

In the changing climatic conditions and global scenario, in a continued green revolution; we have already accomplished food security and is legal through food security bill. Whereas, Systematic Management of Agricultural Resources and Technology (SMART) is the only way to nutritional security. India started breathing for agriculture with 30 Crore people (300 million) in the 1950's when we faced a huge food shortage and had to receive food under PL 480 agreement with the United States. Farmers brought us up from a net importer of food grains in 1950s, to an exporter; a huge jump. Whereas now again there is a shortage for pulses and oilseeds though we are having enough of cereals. What went wrong? We do have sufficient genetic diversity, we do have high yielding varieties, we have farmer supporting systems, but we were not SMART enough. Indian agriculture has registered impressive growth over last few decades with the same momentum of continued green revolution. Recent past has registered highest production levels in horticultural and fishery, animal husbandry products. The food grain production has increased from 51 million tonnes (MT) in 1950-51 to 265.57 MT during 2013-14 highest ever since independence. Even during 1950's we were the largest producers and exporters of many agricultural produce. At present, we have lost the first places in production of so many crops to our neighbours. It need not to be a monopoly but we should know our potential and at least to maintain the production level rather than giveup. So wise is the farmer, rich will be our nation. Hence, come on farmers raise up! We are your dependants! Self sufficiency has to be counted from the root level. If not at the level of an individual farmer, it should be from villages. A village should produce its needs starting from solar energy to food grain, milk, vegetables and feeds reducing the burden on transport and transportation loss. There is lack of 'we-feeling' or 'togetherness' in farm villages which cannot be created but can be inculcated in their minds for a better livelihood.

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