‘Green revolution’ dwarf gene sd1 of rice has gigantic impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 390-409
Author(s):  
Vikram Singh Gaur ◽  
Giresh Channappa ◽  
Mridul Chakraborti ◽  
Tilak Raj Sharma ◽  
Tapan Kumar Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Dwarf Gene ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal that has fed the world over a longer period. Before green revolution, cultivated rice is believed to have consisted of thousands of landraces each adapted to its specific climatic conditions by surviving against different abiotic and biotic selection pressure. However, owing to the low yield, photo-period sensitivity, late maturity and sensitivity to lodging of these landraces grown world-wide, serious concerns of impending global food crisis was felt during the 1960s because of (i) unprecedented increase of the population and (ii) concomitant decline in the cultivable land. Fortunately, high-yielding varieties developed through the introgression of the semi-dwarf1 gene (popularly known as sd1) during the 1960s led to significant increments in the food grain production that averted the apprehensions of nearing famine. This historical achievement having deep impact in the global agriculture is popularly referred as ‘Green Revolution.’ In this paper, we reviewed, its genetics as well as molecular regulations, evolutionary relationship with orthologous genes from other cereals as well as pseudo-cereals and attempted to provide an up-to-date information about its introgression to different rice cultivars of the world.

Smart Way to Nutritional Security in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
YASIN JESHIMA KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

In the changing climatic conditions and global scenario, in a continued green revolution; we have already accomplished food security and is legal through food security bill. Whereas, Systematic Management of Agricultural Resources and Technology (SMART) is the only way to nutritional security. India started breathing for agriculture with 30 Crore people (300 million) in the 1950's when we faced a huge food shortage and had to receive food under PL 480 agreement with the United States. Farmers brought us up from a net importer of food grains in 1950s, to an exporter; a huge jump. Whereas now again there is a shortage for pulses and oilseeds though we are having enough of cereals. What went wrong? We do have sufficient genetic diversity, we do have high yielding varieties, we have farmer supporting systems, but we were not SMART enough. Indian agriculture has registered impressive growth over last few decades with the same momentum of continued green revolution. Recent past has registered highest production levels in horticultural and fishery, animal husbandry products. The food grain production has increased from 51 million tonnes (MT) in 1950-51 to 265.57 MT during 2013-14 highest ever since independence. Even during 1950's we were the largest producers and exporters of many agricultural produce. At present, we have lost the first places in production of so many crops to our neighbours. It need not to be a monopoly but we should know our potential and at least to maintain the production level rather than giveup. So wise is the farmer, rich will be our nation. Hence, come on farmers raise up! We are your dependants! Self sufficiency has to be counted from the root level. If not at the level of an individual farmer, it should be from villages. A village should produce its needs starting from solar energy to food grain, milk, vegetables and feeds reducing the burden on transport and transportation loss. There is lack of 'we-feeling' or 'togetherness' in farm villages which cannot be created but can be inculcated in their minds for a better livelihood.

scholarly journals The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Raeboline Lincy Eliazer Nelson ◽  
Kavitha Ravichandran ◽  
Usha Antony
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Increase Food Production ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indigenous Crops

Abstract The Green Revolution in India was initiated in the 1960s by introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to increase food production in order to alleviate hunger and poverty. Post-Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice doubled due to initiatives of the government, but the production of other food crops such as indigenous rice varieties and millets declined. This led to the loss of distinct indigenous crops from cultivation and also caused extinction. This review deals with the impacts the Green Revolution had on the production of indigenous crops, its effects on society, environment, nutrition intake, and per capita availability of foods, and also the methods that can be implemented to revive the indigenous crops back into cultivation and carry the knowledge to the future generation forward.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Toxicity in Rice and its Effects on Human Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1833-1845
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Liver Changes ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Scientific Name

Nowadays, rice is the staple food grain of billions of people worldwide. The scientific name of rice is Oryza sativa L. There are four types of rice found in all over the world. Heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, iron, etc. are also found in rice, which causes harmful effects in the human body. Recently, rice has also been identified as a major exposure route. Rice is the most important grain concerning human nutrition and calorie intake, providing more than one-fifth calories consumed worldwide by humans. Acute toxic effects of rice are lower risk of heart disease, diabetes, possibly stroke, obesity, etc. and the side effects of rice are swelling around the drip site, hearing changes, liver changes, sore mouth, diarrhea, flushing of the face, changes in blood pressure, etc.

scholarly journals Progress and Prospect of Breeding Utilization of Green Revolution Gene SD1 in Rice

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Youlin Peng ◽  
Yungao Hu ◽  
Qian Qian ◽  
Deyong Ren
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Alleles

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. The identification of sd1 mutants in rice resulted in a semi-dwarf phenotype that was used by breeders to improve yields. Investigations of sd1 mutants initiated the “green revolution” for rice and staved off famine for many people in the 1960s. The smaller plant height conferred by sd1 allele gives the plants lodging resistance even with a high amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Guang-chang-ai-carrying sd1 was the first high-yielding rice variety that capitalized on the semi-dwarf trait, aiming to significantly improve the rice yield in China. IR8, known as the miracle rice, was also bred by using sd1. The green revolution gene sd1 in rice has been used for decades, but was not identified for a long time. The SD1 gene encodes the rice Gibberellin 20 oxidase-2 (GA20ox2). As such, the SD1 gene is instrumental in uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying gibberellin biosynthesis There are ten different alleles of SD1. These alleles are identified by genome sequencing within several donor lines in breeding for semi-dwarf rice. Apart from breeding applications and the molecular mechanism of GA biosynthesis, the SD1 gene is also involved in the molecular regulation of other important agronomic traits, like nitrogen fertilizer utilization. The dentification of new alleles of SD1 can be obtained by mutagenesis and genome editing. These new alleles will play an important role in improving the resource diversity of semi-dwarf breeding in the future.

scholarly journals Identification, genetic characterization, GA response and molecular mapping of Sdt97: a dominant mutant gene conferring semi-dwarfism in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
JI-PING TONG ◽  
XUE-JUN LIU ◽  
SHI-YONG ZHANG ◽  
SHAO-QING LI ◽  
XIAO-JUE PENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Physical Map ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Dwarf Gene ◽  
Ga Response

SummarySemi-dwarfism is an important agronomic trait in rice breeding programmes. sd-1, termed the ‘Green Revolution gene’, confers semi-dwarf stature, increases harvest index, improves lodging resistance, and is associated with increased responsiveness to nitrogen fertilizer. It has contributed substantially to the significant increase in rice production. In this paper, a novel semi-dwarf mutant in rice is reported. Genetic analysis revealed that only a single dominant gene locus non-allelic to sd-1, temporarily designated Sdt97, is involved in the control of semi-dwarfism of the mutant. The semi-dwarfism of the mutant could be partly restored to the tall wild-type by application of exogenous GA3, suggesting that the mutant gene Sdt97 may be involved in the gibberellin (GA) synthesis pathway and not the GA response pathway in rice. A residual heterozygous line (RHL) population derived from a recombinant inbred line (RIL) was developed. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and bulked segregation analysis (BSA) combined with recessive class analysis (RCA) techniques were used to map Sdt97 to the long arm of chromosome 6 at the interval between two STS markers, N6 and TX5, with a genetic distance of 0·2 cM and 0·8 cM, respectively. A contig map was constructed based on the reference sequence aligned by the Sdt97 linked markers. The physical map of the Sdt97 locus was defined to a 118 kb interval, and 19 candidate genes were detected in the target region. This is the first time that a dominant semi-dwarf gene has been reported in rice. Cloning and functional analysis of gene Sdt97 will help us to learn more about molecular mechanism of rice semi-dwarfism.

Rice Cultures of Bengal

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Debal Deb
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Rice Landraces ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Food Cultures ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

An estimated 15,000 folk landraces of rice are reported to have been cultivated in undivided Bengal in the 1940s. With the advent of the Green Revolution, a handful of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) replaced, and continue to replace, thousands of traditional farmer varieties (also called “landraces”). In the 1970s, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute documented a total of 12,479 names, including synonyms. In West Bengal, the recorded number of landraces cultivated before the 1970s is 5,556 (Deb 2005, 2019a). Most of these old landraces of Bengal, from both sides of the international border, are now available in only a few gene banks, no longer cultivated in the region. The loss of the thousands of rice landraces from farm fields entails the erosion of a vast body of folk knowledge pertaining to the distinctive properties of different varieties, derangement of local food cultures, and food insecurity for poor and marginal farmers, who no longer have the stock of landraces fine-tuned to local soil and climatic conditions, nor are able to buy the costly inputs. Just as the traditional rice fabric of the Philippines has disappeared with the extinction of the special rice variety that yielded the fiber, many of the culinary delicacies and the cultural significance of many rituals have vanished with the disappearance of special rice varieties throughout Bengal. Moreover, the loss of traditional knowledge associated with folk rice varieties, together with the abolition of the tradition of seed exchange within communities, has disintegrated the communitarian ethos among Bengali farmers, who are now dependent on external agencies for the supply of seeds, machinery, and knowledge.

Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurdev S Khush
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

In the 1960s there were large-scale concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However, widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by 80%, but food production more than doubled. The technological advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food production over the last 30 years was the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability. The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the 1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.Key words: food security, environmental sustainability, high-yielding varieties, yield potential, yield stability.

scholarly journals Introduction

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ashok Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractIndia has come a long way from being a food scarce nation in the 1960s to a food surplus nation thereafter. The remarkable transformation of the agricultural sector was the result of massive improvements in productivity level owing to the Green Revolution in the case of cereals and the breakthrough that followed in few other agricultural commodities, most notably, dairying. Today, India is the largest producer of milk, pulses, banana, mango, pomegranate, papaya, lemon, okra, ginger and non-food crops like cotton and jute; the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables, tea and one of the leading producers of eggs and meat in the world. India produced 281.8 million tonnes of food grains, 307.7 million tonnes of horticulture crops, 176.5 million tonnes of milk, 96 billion eggs and 7.7 million tonnes of meat during TE 2018–19.

Improving Yield Potential by Modifying Plant Type and Exploiting Heterosis

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Khush ◽  
S. Peng
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Food Grain

World food crops have been improved progressively since their domestication about 10,000 years ago. Progress was especially rapid after the rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of inheritance, when scientific principles could be applied to crop improvement. Modern varieties of wheat and rice, which ushered the so-called green revolution and led to the doubling of cereal production in a 25-year period, are examples of recent achievements in increasing crop productivity. The present world population of 5.8 billion is likely to reach 7 billion in 2010 and 8 billion in 2025. Per caput food intake will increase due to improved living standards. It is estimated that we will have to produce 50% more food by 2025. Food grain production in Africa will have to increase almost 400%, in Latin America 200%, and in Asia 60%. In the past, food production grew as a result of increased yield potential of new crop varieties, as well as increases in cropped area. In the future, major increases in cropped area are unlikely. In fact, in most Asian countries the cultivated area is declining due to pressures of urbanization and industrialization. Pesticide use is dropping as a result of concerns about their harmful effects on the environment and on human health. Increasingly, the industrial base is competing with agriculture for water and labor. Thus, we will have to produce more food from less land, with less pesticides, less labor, and less water. Increases in crop productivity are therefore essential to feed the world in the next century. One way to increase crop productivity is to develop crop cultivars with higher yield potential. Of the various strategies for increasing the yield potential, two are reviewed in this chapter. Selection for semidwarf stature in the late 1950s for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most striking example of a successful improvement in plant type. Although selections were guided by short stature, resistance to lodging, and efficient biomass partitioning between grain and straw, breeders were unintentionally selecting for improved canopy architecture, light penetration, and other favorable agronomic characteristics (as reviewed by Takeda, 1984).

Use of Ornamental Trees in Dating of Abandoned Cemeteries on the Example of Thuja Occidentalis and Thuja Orientalis

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Magdalena Opała ◽  
Leszek Majgier
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Thuja Orientalis ◽  
Ornamental Trees ◽  
Common Tree ◽  
Local Habitat

Abstract Due to the lack of maintenance, abandoned cemeteries are often incorporated into the landscape. In many cases the information about the age of the cemetery is unavailable. To find out the approximate time of the formation of the cemetery the information recorded in the annual tree and shrub rings can be used. One of the most common tree species, planted for ornamental and symbolic purposes on the cemeteries, are Thuja orientalis and Thuja occidentalis. Alien to the Polish flora, these species adapted well to the local habitat and climatic conditions. The paper presents an attempt to apply dendrochronological dating to determine the age of the abandoned cemeteries in the region of the Great Masurian Lakes, part of the Masurian Lake District (north-eastern Poland). The study included five abandoned cemeteries. In total, 15 cores were taken from the trees. After applying the standard dendrochronological method, local chronologies for the studied species were established. The research indicated that the oldest found specimens - over 70 yrs old - are Thuja occidentalis individuals growing at the Słabowo cemetery. At the other sites the specimens of both Thuja species date back to the 1960s and early 1970s. Compared to the historical information regarding the age and origin of the studied objects, thujas growing there are much younger than the age of the cemeteries foundation. The presented method proved to be very helpful in understanding the time of Thuja occidentalis and Thuja orientalis introduction at the investigated cemeteries.

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