scholarly journals Acute effects of exercise timing and breakfast meal glycemic index on exercise-induced fat oxidation

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bennard ◽  
Éric Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Timing ◽  
Balance Exercise ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Exercise Induced

Fat balance is an important determinant of energy balance. Exercise after an overnight fast can significantly increase fat oxidation; however, little information pertaining to the effects of exercise and meal glycemic index on fat oxidation under these conditions is available. The objective of this investigation was to study the acute effects of exercise timing and meal glycemic index (GI) on whole-body fat oxidation. Eight apparently healthy young men completed 4 randomly ordered trials during which measurements were made at rest, during exercise, and for 2 h post-exercise and (or) post-prandial. After an overnight fast, subjects were required to perform 400 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) of treadmill exercise (at FATmax) either before consuming a 400 kcal low-GI (Ex-LG) or high-GI (Ex-HG) oatmeal breakfast, or after consuming the low-GI (LG-Ex) or high-GI (HG-Ex) meal. The amount of fat oxidized during exercise was significantly greater during Ex-LG and Ex-HG (17.2 ± 4.0 and 17.5 ± 4.7 g, respectively) than during LG-Ex and HG-Ex (10.9 ± 3.7 and 11.7 ± 3.5 g, respectively) (p < 0.001), as was the amount of fat oxidized during the entire trial (Ex-LG: 23.4 ± 4.7 g; Ex-HG: 23.4 ± 6.5 g; LG-Ex: 18.4 ± 4.7 g; HG-Ex: 19.6 ± 4.9 g) (p < 0.05), even though energy expenditure was not different across experimental conditions. No significant effect of meal GI on the amount of fat oxidized was noted. Total fat oxidized during exercise, and for 2 h after exercise, was greatest when morning exercise was performed in the fasted state, independently of meal GI.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF STRETCHING EXERCISE ON HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES AND POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSION IN NORMOTENSIVE WOMEN STUDENTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Mohebbi Hamid ◽  
Maroofi Abdulbaset ◽  
Ansari Nazanin ◽  
Jorbonian Aboozar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Women Students ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
And Control

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate acute effects of SE on post-exercise hemodynamic responses for 1-h in normotensive sedentary young women. Methods: Sixteen women (21.56±1.21yr; 159.6±0.5 cm; 54.53±6.02 kg) were randomly assigned to SE (n = 8) and control (C) groups (n = 8). SE group performed 20 stretches for the whole body. Each SE was repeated 2 times. Rest interval between repetitions and movement 10 s were considered. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial BP (MAP), rate pressure product (RPP), pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate (HR) were measured during 1-h (minutes: 0,15,30,45 and 60) in SE and C groups. Results: There were significant decreases (P

scholarly journals The Importance of Fatty Acids as Nutrients during Post-Exercise Recovery

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Lundsgaard ◽  
Andreas M. Fritzen ◽  
Bente Kiens
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Induced

It is well recognized that whole-body fatty acid (FA) oxidation remains increased for several hours following aerobic endurance exercise, even despite carbohydrate intake. However, the mechanisms involved herein have hitherto not been subject to a thorough evaluation. In immediate and early recovery (0–4 h), plasma FA availability is high, which seems mainly to be a result of hormonal factors and increased adipose tissue blood flow. The increased circulating availability of adipose-derived FA, coupled with FA from lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-derived very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolysis in skeletal muscle capillaries and hydrolysis of TG within the muscle together act as substrates for the increased mitochondrial FA oxidation post-exercise. Within the skeletal muscle cells, increased reliance on FA oxidation likely results from enhanced FA uptake into the mitochondria through the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1 reaction, and concomitant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) inhibition of glucose oxidation. Together this allows glucose taken up by the skeletal muscles to be directed towards the resynthesis of glycogen. Besides being oxidized, FAs also seem to be crucial signaling molecules for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling post-exercise, and thus for induction of the exercise-induced FA oxidative gene adaptation program in skeletal muscle following exercise. Collectively, a high FA turnover in recovery seems essential to regain whole-body substrate homeostasis.

Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2097-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L. Friedlander ◽  
Gretchen A. Casazza ◽  
Michael A. Horning ◽  
Anton Usaj ◽  
George A. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Total Fat

We examined the effects of exercise intensity and a 10-wk cycle ergometer training program [5 days/wk, 1 h, 75% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) flux, total fat oxidation, and whole body lipolysis in healthy male subjects ( n= 10; age = 25.6 ± 1.0 yr). Two pretraining trials (45 and 65% ofV˙o 2 peak) and two posttraining trials (same absolute workload, 65% of oldV˙o 2 peak; and same relative workload, 65% of newV˙o 2 peak) were performed by using an infusion of [1-13C]palmitate and [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol. An additional nine subjects (age 25.4 ± 0.8 yr) were treated similarly but were infused with [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol and not [1-13C]palmitate. Subjects were studied postabsorptive for 90 min of rest and 1 h of cycling exercise. After training, subjects increasedV˙o 2 peak by 9.4 ± 1.4%. Pretraining, plasma FFA kinetics were inversely related to exercise intensity with rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) being significantly higher at 45 than at 65%V˙o 2 peak(Ra: 8.14 ± 1.28 vs. 6.64 ± 0.46, Rd: 8.03 ± 1.28 vs. 6.42 ± 0.41 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) ( P ≤ 0.05). After training, when measured at the same absolute and relative intensities, FFA Ra increased to 8.84 ± 1.1, 8.44 ± 1.1 and Rd to 8.82 ± 1.1, 8.35 ± 1.1 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively ( P ≤ 0.05). Total fat oxidation determined from respiratory exchange ratio was elevated during exercise compared with rest, but did not differ among the four conditions. Glycerol Ra was elevated during exercise compared with rest but did not demonstrate significant intensity or training effects during exercise. Thus, in young men, plasma FFA flux is increased during exercise after endurance training, but total fat oxidation and whole-body lipolysis are unaffected when measured at the same absolute or relative exercise intensities.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure and substrate utilization during whole body vibration

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravena Santos Raulino ◽  
Fernanda Meira de Aguiar ◽  
Núbia Carelli Pereira de Avelar ◽  
Isabela Gomes Costa ◽  
Jacqueline da Silva Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Intensity Of Exercise

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to investigate whether the addition of vibration during interval training would raise oxygen consumption VO2 to the extent necessary for weight management and to evaluate the influence of the intensity of the vibratory stimulus for prescribing the exercise program in question.METHODS: VO2, measured breath by breath, was evaluated at rest and during the four experimental conditions to determine energy expenditure, metabolic equivalent MET, respiratory exchange ratio RER, % Kcal from fat, and rate of fat oxidation. Eight young sedentary females age 22±1 years, height 163.88± 7.62 cm, body mass 58.35±10.96 kg, and VO2 max 32.75±3.55 mLO2.Kg-1.min-1 performed interval training duration = 13.3 min to the upper and lower limbs both with vibration 35 Hz and 2 mm, 40 Hz and 2 mm, 45 Hz and 2 mm and without vibration. The experimental conditions were randomized and balanced at an interval of 48 hours.RESULTS: the addition of vibration to exercise at 45 Hz and 2 mm resulted in an additional increase of 17.77±12.38% of VO2 compared with exercise without vibration. However, this increase did not change the fat oxidation rate p=0.42 because intensity of exercise 29.1±3.3 %VO2max, 2.7 MET was classified as mild to young subjects.CONCLUSION: despite the influence of vibration on VO2 during exercise, the increase was insufficient to reduce body weight and did not reach the minimum recommendation of exercise prescription for weight management for the studied population.

scholarly journals Improved Recovery from Prolonged Exercise Following the Consumption of Low Glycemic Index Carbohydrate Meals

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Stevenson ◽  
Clyde Williams ◽  
Gareth McComb ◽  
Christopher Oram
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Low Glycemic Index

This study examined the effects of the glycemic index (GI) of post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) intake on endurance capacity the following day. Nine active males participated in 2 trials. On day 1, subjects ran for 90 min at 70% VO2max (R1). Thereafter, they were supplied with either a high GI (HGI) or low GI (LGI) CHO diet which provided 8 g CHO/kg body mass (BM). On day 2, after an overnight fast, subjects ran to exhaustion at 70% VO2max (R2). Time to exhaustion during R2 was longer in the LGI trial (108.9 ± 7.4 min) than in the HGI trial (96.9 ± 4.8 min) (P < 0.05). Fat oxidation rates and free fatty acid concentrations were higher in the LGI trial than the HGI trial (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the increased endurance capacity was largely a consequence of the increased fat oxidation following the LGI recovery diet.

Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion during Exercise on Post-exercise Substrate Oxidation and Energy Intake

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Melby ◽  
Kristen L. Osterberg ◽  
Alyssa Resch ◽  
Brenda Davy ◽  
Susan Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Total Fat

Thirteen physically active, eumenorrheic, normal-weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) females, aged 18–30 years, completed 4 experimental conditions, with the order based on a Latin Square Design: (a) CHO/Ex: moderate-intensity exer-· cise (65% V̇O2peak) with a net energy cost of ~500 kcals, during which time the subject consumed a carbohydrate beverage (45 g CHO) at specific time intervals; (b) CHO/NoEx: a period of time identical to (a) but with subjects consuming the carbohydrate while sitting quietly rather than exercising; (c) NoCHO/ Ex: same exercise protocol as condition (a) during which time subjects consumed a non-caloric placebo beverage; and (d) NoCHO/NoEx: same as the no-exercise condition (b) but with subjects consuming a non-caloric placebo beverage. Energy expenditure, and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates for the entire exercise/sitting period plus a 90-min recovery period were determined by continuous indirect calorimetry. Following recovery, subjects ate ad libitum amounts of food from a buffet and were asked to record dietary intake during the remainder of the day. Total fat oxidation (exercise plus recovery) was attenuated by carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion by only ~4.5 g. There was a trend (p = .08) for a carbohydrate effect on buffet energy intake such that the CHO/Ex and CHO/NoEx energy intakes were lower than the NoCHO/Ex and NoCHO/NoEx energy intakes, respectively (mean for CHO conditions: 683 kcal; NoCHO conditions: 777 kcal). Average total energy intake (buffet plus remainder of the day) was significantly lower (p < .05) following the conditions when carbohydrate was consumed (CHO/Ex = 1470 kcal; CHO/NoEx = 1285 kcal) compared to the noncaloric placebo (NoCHO/Ex =1767 kcal; NoCHO/ NoEx = 1660 kcal). In conclusion, in young women engaging in regular exercise, ingestion of 45 g of carbohydrate during exercise only modestly suppresses total fat oxidation during exercise. Furthermore, the ingestion of carbohydrate with or without exercise resulted in a lower energy intake for the remainder of the day

The Effect of Acute Taurine Ingestion on Endurance Performance and Metabolism in Well-Trained Cyclists

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Rutherford ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet ◽  
Trent Stellingwerff
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Acute Ingestion ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Expired Gas ◽  
Total Fat

This study examined whether acute taurine (T) ingestion before prolonged cycling would improve time-trial (TT) performance and alter whole-body fuel utilization compared with a control (CON) trial and a placebo (PL) trial in which participants were told they received taurine but did not. Eleven endurance-trained male cyclists (27.2 ± 1.5 yr, 74.3 ± 2.3 kg, 59.9 ± 2.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1; M ± SEM) completed 3 trials in a randomized, crossover, blinded design in which they consumed a noncaloric sweetened beverage with either 1.66 g of T or nothing added (CON, PL) 1 hr before exercise. Participants then cycled at 66.5% ± 1.9% VO2max for 90 min followed immediately by a TT (doing 5 kJ of work/kg body mass as fast as possible). Data on fluid administration, expired gas, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected at 15-min intervals during the 90-min cycling ride, but there were no differences recorded between trials. There was no difference in TT performance between any of the 3 trials (1,500 ± 87 s). Average carbohydrate (T 2.73 ± 0.21, CON 2.88 ± 0.19, PL 2.89 ± 0.20 g/min) and fat (T 0.45 ± 0.05, CON 0.39 ± 0.04, PL 0.39 ± 0.05 g/min) oxidation rates were unaffected by T supplementation. T ingestion resulted in a 16% increase (5 g, ~84 kJ; p < .05) in total fat oxidation over the 90-min exercise period compared with CON and PL. The acute ingestion of 1.66 g of T before exercise did not enhance TT performance but did result in a small but significant increase in fat oxidation during submaximal cycling in endurance-trained cyclists.

Transient energy deficit induced by exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation in young trained men

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaito Iwayama ◽  
Ryosuke Kawabuchi ◽  
Insung Park ◽  
Reiko Kurihara ◽  
Masashi Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Transient Energy ◽  
Exercise Induced

Whole body fat oxidation increases during exercise. However, 24-h fat oxidation on a day with exercise often remains similar to that of sedentary day, when energy intake is increased to achieve an energy-balanced condition. The present study aimed to examine a possibility that time of the day when exercise is performed makes differences in 24-h fat oxidation. As a potential mechanism of exercise affecting 24-h fat oxidation, its relation to exercise-induced transient energy deficit was examined. Nine young male endurance athletes underwent three trials of indirect calorimetry using a metabolic chamber, in which they performed a session of 100 min of exercise before breakfast (AM), after lunch (PM), or two sessions of 50 min of exercise before breakfast and after lunch (AM/PM) at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake. Experimental meals were designed to achieve individual energy balance. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure was similar among the trials, but 24-h fat oxidation was 1,142 ± 97, 809 ± 88, and 608 ± 46 kcal/24 h in descending order of its magnitude for AM, AM/PM, and PM, respectively ( P < 0.05). Twenty-four-hour carbohydrate oxidation was 2,558 ± 110, 2,374 ± 114, and 2,062 ± 96 kcal/24 h for PM, AM/PM, and AM, respectively. In spite of energy-balanced condition over 24 h, exercise induced a transient energy deficit, the magnitude of which was negatively correlated with 24-h fat oxidation ( r = −0.72, P < 0.01). Similarly, transient carbohydrate deficit after exercise was negatively correlated with 24-h fat oxidation ( r = −0.40, P < 0.05). The time of the day when exercise is performed affects 24-h fat oxidation, and the transient energy/carbohydrate deficit after exercise is implied as a factor affecting 24-h fat oxidation.

The effect of carbohydrate availability following exercise on whole-body insulin action

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 946-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaila A. Holtz ◽  
Brooke R. Stephens ◽  
Carrie G. Sharoff ◽  
Stuart R. Chipkin ◽  
Barry Braun
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Carbohydrate Availability ◽  
Isotope Tracer

One bout of exercise enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (insulin action), but the effect is blunted by consumption of carbohydrate-containing food after exercise. The independent roles of energy and carbohydrate in mediating post-exercise insulin action have not been systematically evaluated in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine if varying carbohydrate availability, with energy intake held constant, mediates post-exercise insulin action. Ten young (21 ± 2 y, overweight (body fat 37% ± 3%) men and women completed 3 conditions in random order: (i) no-exercise (BASE), (ii) exercise with energy balance but carbohydrate deficit (C-DEF), and (iii) exercise with energy and carbohydrate balance (C-BAL). In the exercise conditions, subjects expended 30% of total daily energy expenditure on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO2 peak. Following exercise, subjects consumed a meal that replaced expended energy (~3000 kJ) and was either balanced (intake = expenditure) or deficient (–100 g) in carbohydrate. Twelve hours later, insulin action was measured by continuous infusion of glucose with stable isotope tracer (CIG-SIT). Changes in insulin action were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. During CIG-SIT, non-oxidative glucose disposal (i.e., glucose storage) was higher in C-DEF than in BASE (27.2 ± 3.2 vs. 16.9 ± 3.5 µmol·L–1·kg–1·min–1, p < 0.05). Conversely, glucose oxidation was lower in C-DEF (8.6 ± 1.3 µmol·L–1·kg–1·min–1) compared with C-BAL (12.2 ± 1.2 µmol·L–1·kg–1·min–1), and BASE (17.1 ± 2.2 µmol·L–1·kg–1·min–1), p < 0.05). Fasting fat oxidation was higher in C-DEF than in BASE (109.8 ± 10.5 vs. 80.7 ± 9.6 mg·min–1, p < 0.05). In C-DEF, enhanced insulin action was correlated with the magnitude of the carbohydrate deficit (r = 0.82, p < 0.01). Following exercise, re-feeding expended energy, but not carbohydrate, increased fasting fat oxidation, and shifted insulin-mediated glucose disposal toward increased storage and away from oxidation.

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