The Effect of Acute Taurine Ingestion on Endurance Performance and Metabolism in Well-Trained Cyclists

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Rutherford ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet ◽  
Trent Stellingwerff
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Acute Ingestion ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Expired Gas ◽  
Total Fat

This study examined whether acute taurine (T) ingestion before prolonged cycling would improve time-trial (TT) performance and alter whole-body fuel utilization compared with a control (CON) trial and a placebo (PL) trial in which participants were told they received taurine but did not. Eleven endurance-trained male cyclists (27.2 ± 1.5 yr, 74.3 ± 2.3 kg, 59.9 ± 2.3 ml · kg−1 · min−1; M ± SEM) completed 3 trials in a randomized, crossover, blinded design in which they consumed a noncaloric sweetened beverage with either 1.66 g of T or nothing added (CON, PL) 1 hr before exercise. Participants then cycled at 66.5% ± 1.9% VO2max for 90 min followed immediately by a TT (doing 5 kJ of work/kg body mass as fast as possible). Data on fluid administration, expired gas, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected at 15-min intervals during the 90-min cycling ride, but there were no differences recorded between trials. There was no difference in TT performance between any of the 3 trials (1,500 ± 87 s). Average carbohydrate (T 2.73 ± 0.21, CON 2.88 ± 0.19, PL 2.89 ± 0.20 g/min) and fat (T 0.45 ± 0.05, CON 0.39 ± 0.04, PL 0.39 ± 0.05 g/min) oxidation rates were unaffected by T supplementation. T ingestion resulted in a 16% increase (5 g, ~84 kJ; p < .05) in total fat oxidation over the 90-min exercise period compared with CON and PL. The acute ingestion of 1.66 g of T before exercise did not enhance TT performance but did result in a small but significant increase in fat oxidation during submaximal cycling in endurance-trained cyclists.

On- Versus Off-Bike Power Training in Professional Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Eduardo Talavera ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Sprint Training

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of resistance power training (RPT, training with the individualized load and repetitions that maximize power output) and cycling power training (CPT, short sprint training) in professional cyclists. Methods: The participants (20 [2] y, peak oxygen uptake 78.0 [4.4] mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to perform CPT (n = 8) or RPT (n = 10) in addition to their usual training regime for 7 weeks (2 sessions/wk). The training loads were continuously registered using the session rating of perceived exertion. The outcomes included endurance performance (8-min time trial and incremental test), as well as measures of muscle strength/power (1-repetition maximum and mean maximum propulsive power on the squat, hip thrust, and lunge exercises) and body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: No between-group differences were found for training loads or for any outcome (P > .05). Both interventions resulted in increased time-trial performance, as well as in improvements in other endurance-related outcomes (ie, ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point; P < .05). A significant or quasi-significant increase (P = .068 and .047 for CPT and RPT, respectively) in bone mineral content was observed after both interventions. A significant reduction in fat mass (P = .017), along with a trend (P = .059) toward a reduced body mass, was observed after RPT, but not CPT (P = .076 for the group × time interaction effect). Significant benefits (P < .05) were also observed for most strength-related outcomes after RPT, but not CPT. Conclusion: CPT and RPT are both effective strategies for the improvement of endurance performance and bone health in professional cyclists, although the latter tends to result in greater improvements in body composition and muscle strength/power.

Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2097-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L. Friedlander ◽  
Gretchen A. Casazza ◽  
Michael A. Horning ◽  
Anton Usaj ◽  
George A. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Total Fat

We examined the effects of exercise intensity and a 10-wk cycle ergometer training program [5 days/wk, 1 h, 75% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) flux, total fat oxidation, and whole body lipolysis in healthy male subjects ( n= 10; age = 25.6 ± 1.0 yr). Two pretraining trials (45 and 65% ofV˙o 2 peak) and two posttraining trials (same absolute workload, 65% of oldV˙o 2 peak; and same relative workload, 65% of newV˙o 2 peak) were performed by using an infusion of [1-13C]palmitate and [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol. An additional nine subjects (age 25.4 ± 0.8 yr) were treated similarly but were infused with [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol and not [1-13C]palmitate. Subjects were studied postabsorptive for 90 min of rest and 1 h of cycling exercise. After training, subjects increasedV˙o 2 peak by 9.4 ± 1.4%. Pretraining, plasma FFA kinetics were inversely related to exercise intensity with rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) being significantly higher at 45 than at 65%V˙o 2 peak(Ra: 8.14 ± 1.28 vs. 6.64 ± 0.46, Rd: 8.03 ± 1.28 vs. 6.42 ± 0.41 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) ( P ≤ 0.05). After training, when measured at the same absolute and relative intensities, FFA Ra increased to 8.84 ± 1.1, 8.44 ± 1.1 and Rd to 8.82 ± 1.1, 8.35 ± 1.1 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively ( P ≤ 0.05). Total fat oxidation determined from respiratory exchange ratio was elevated during exercise compared with rest, but did not differ among the four conditions. Glycerol Ra was elevated during exercise compared with rest but did not demonstrate significant intensity or training effects during exercise. Thus, in young men, plasma FFA flux is increased during exercise after endurance training, but total fat oxidation and whole-body lipolysis are unaffected when measured at the same absolute or relative exercise intensities.

An Isocaloric Glucose-Fructose Beverage’s Effect on Simulated 100-km Cycling Performance Compared With a Glucose-Only Beverage

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Triplett ◽  
J. Andrew Doyle ◽  
Jeffrey C. Rupp ◽  
Dan Benardot
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Familiarization Trial ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Time Point

A number of recent research studies have demonstrated that providing glucose and fructose together in a beverage consumed during exercise results in significantly higher oxidation rates of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) than consuming glucose alone. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether the increased exogenous CHO oxidation improves endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consuming a beverage containing glucose and fructose (GF) would result in improved cycling performance compared with an isocaloric glucose-only beverage (G). Nine male competitive cyclists (32.6 ± 5.8 years, peak oxygen uptake 61.5 ± 7.9 ml · kg-1 · min-1) completed a familiarization trial and then 2 simulated 100-km cycling time trials on an electronically braked Lode cycle ergometer separated by 5–7 d. During the randomly ordered experimental trials, participants received 36 g of CHO of either G or GF in 250 ml of water every 15 min. All 9 participants completed the 100-km time trial significantly faster when they received the GF beverage than with G (204.0 ± 23.7 vs. 220.6 ± 36.6 min; p = .023). There was no difference at any time point between trials for blood glucose or for blood lactate. Total CHO oxidation increased significantly from rest during exercise but was not statistically significant between the GF and G trials, although there was a trend for CHO oxidation to be higher with GF in the latter stages of the time trial. Consumption of a CHO beverage containing glucose and fructose results in improved 100-km cycling performance compared with an isocaloric glucose-only beverage.

scholarly journals Running Performance With Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keely R. Hawkins ◽  
Sridevi Krishnan ◽  
Lara Ringos ◽  
Vanessa Garcia ◽  
Jamie A. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Blinded Study ◽  
Sweetness Intensity

Using mouth rinse (MR) with carbohydrate during exercise has been shown to act as an ergogenic aid.Purpose:To investigate if nutritive or nonnutritive sweetened MR affects exercise performance and to assess the influence of sweetness intensity on endurance performance during a time trial (TT).Methods:This randomized, single-blinded study had 4 treatment conditions. Sixteen subjects (9 men, 7 women) completed a 12.8-km TT 4 different times. During each TT, subjects mouth-rinsed and expectorated a different solution at time 0 and every 12.5% of the TT. The 4 MR solutions were sucrose (S) (sweet taste and provides energy of 4 kcal/g), a lower-intensity sucralose (S1:1) (artificial sweetener that provides no energy but tastes sweet), a higher-intensity sucralose (S100:1), and water as control (C). Completion times for each TT, heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded.Results:Completion time for S was faster than for C (1:03:47 ± 00:02:17 vs 1:06:56 ± 00:02:18, respectively; P < .001) and showed a trend to be faster vs S100:1 (1:03:47 ± 00:02:17 vs 1:05:38 ± 00:02:12, respectively; P = .07). No other TT differences were found. Average HR showed a trend to be higher for S vs C (P = .08). The only difference in average or maximum RPE was for higher maximum RPE in C vs S1:1 (P = .02).Conclusion:A sweet-tasting MR did improve endurance performance compared with water in a significant manner (mean 4.5% improvement; 3+ min.); however, the presence of energy in the sweet MR appeared necessary since the artificial sweeteners did not improve performance more than water alone.

scholarly journals Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J.S. Costa ◽  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Mark Tarnopolsky ◽  
Martin D. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
General Guidance

Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for greater nutritional needs, while predisposing ultramarathon runners to multiple nutritional intake barriers. The current review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics. Research outcomes suggest that daily dietary carbohydrates (up to 12 g·kg−1·day−1) and multiple-transportable carbohydrate intake (∼90 g·hr−1 for running distances ≥3 hr) during exercise support endurance training adaptations and enhance real-time endurance performance. Whether these intake rates are tolerable during ultramarathon competition is questionable from a practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Dietary protocols, such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, are currently popular among ultramarathon runners. Despite the latter dietary manipulation showing increased total fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise, the role in enhancing ultramarathon running performance is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners may develop varying degrees of both hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying exercise-associated hyponatremia), dependent on event duration, and environmental conditions. To avoid these two extremes, euhydration can generally be maintained through “drinking to thirst.” A well practiced and individualized nutrition strategy is required to optimize training and competition performance in ultramarathon running events, whether they are single stage or multistage.

scholarly journals Acute effects of exercise timing and breakfast meal glycemic index on exercise-induced fat oxidation

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bennard ◽  
Éric Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Timing ◽  
Balance Exercise ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Exercise Induced

Fat balance is an important determinant of energy balance. Exercise after an overnight fast can significantly increase fat oxidation; however, little information pertaining to the effects of exercise and meal glycemic index on fat oxidation under these conditions is available. The objective of this investigation was to study the acute effects of exercise timing and meal glycemic index (GI) on whole-body fat oxidation. Eight apparently healthy young men completed 4 randomly ordered trials during which measurements were made at rest, during exercise, and for 2 h post-exercise and (or) post-prandial. After an overnight fast, subjects were required to perform 400 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) of treadmill exercise (at FATmax) either before consuming a 400 kcal low-GI (Ex-LG) or high-GI (Ex-HG) oatmeal breakfast, or after consuming the low-GI (LG-Ex) or high-GI (HG-Ex) meal. The amount of fat oxidized during exercise was significantly greater during Ex-LG and Ex-HG (17.2 ± 4.0 and 17.5 ± 4.7 g, respectively) than during LG-Ex and HG-Ex (10.9 ± 3.7 and 11.7 ± 3.5 g, respectively) (p < 0.001), as was the amount of fat oxidized during the entire trial (Ex-LG: 23.4 ± 4.7 g; Ex-HG: 23.4 ± 6.5 g; LG-Ex: 18.4 ± 4.7 g; HG-Ex: 19.6 ± 4.9 g) (p < 0.05), even though energy expenditure was not different across experimental conditions. No significant effect of meal GI on the amount of fat oxidized was noted. Total fat oxidized during exercise, and for 2 h after exercise, was greatest when morning exercise was performed in the fasted state, independently of meal GI.

The Effects of EGCG on Fat Oxidation and Endurance Performance in Male Cyclists

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Dean ◽  
Andrea Braakhuis ◽  
Carl Paton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Green Tea Extract ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Tea Extract

Researchers have long been investigating strategies that can increase athletes’ ability to oxidize fatty acids and spare carbohydrate, thus potentially improving endurance capacity. Green-tea extract (epigallocatechin-3-gallate; EGCG) has been shown to improve endurance capacity in mice. If a green-tea extract can stimulate fat oxidation and as a result spare glycogen stores, then athletes may benefit through improved endurance performance. Eight male cyclists completed a study incorporating a 3-way crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, diet-controlled research design. All participants received 3 different treatments (placebo 270 mg, EGCG 270 mg, and placebo 270 mg + caffeine 3 mg/kg) over a 6-day period and 1 hr before exercise testing. Each participant completed 3 exercise trials consisting of 60 min of cycling at 60% maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) immediately followed by a self-paced 40-km cycling time trial. The study found little benefit in consuming green-tea extract on fat oxidation or cycling performance, unlike caffeine, which did benefit cycling performance. The physiological responses observed during submaximal cycling after caffeine ingestion were similar to those reported previously, including an increase in heart rate (EGCG 147 ± 17, caffeine 146 ± 19, and placebo 144 ± 15 beats/min), glucose at the 40-min exercise time point (placebo 5.0 ± 0.8, EGCG 5.4 ± 1.0, and caffeine 5.8 ± 1.0 mmol/L), and resting plasma free fatty acids and no change in the amount of carbohydrate and fat being oxidized. Therefore, it was concluded that green-tea extract offers no additional benefit to cyclists over and above those achieved by using caffeine.

Evaluation of a graded exercise test to determine peak fat oxidation in individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1288-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith ◽  
Robert M. Edinburgh ◽  
James A. Betts ◽  
Keith A. Stokes ◽  
Javier T. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Test Validity ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Intraindividual Variation ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Ultra Endurance

The maximal capacity to utilise fat (peak fat oxidation, PFO) may have implications for health and ultra-endurance performance and is commonly determined by incremental exercise tests employing 3-min stages. However, 3-min stages may be insufficient to attain steady-state gas kinetics, compromising test validity. We assessed whether 4-min stages produce steady-state gas exchange and reliable PFO estimates in adults with peak oxygen consumption < 40 mL·kg−1·min−1. Fifteen participants (9 females) completed a graded test to determine PFO and the intensity at which this occurred (FATMAX). Three short continuous exercise sessions (SCE) were then completed in a randomised order, involving completion of the graded test to the stage (i) preceding, (ii) equal to (SCEequal), or (iii) after the stage at which PFO was previously attained, whereupon participants then continued to cycle for 10 min at that respective intensity. Expired gases were sampled at minutes 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10. Individual data showed steady-state gas exchange was achieved within 4 min during SCEequal. Mean fat oxidation rates were not different across time within SCEequal nor compared with the graded test at FATMAX (both p > 0.05). However, the graded test displayed poor surrogate validity (SCEequal, minutes 3–4 vs. 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10) and day-to-day reliability (minutes 3–4, SCEequal vs. graded test) to determine PFO, as evident by correlations (range: 0.47–0.83) and typical errors and 95% limits of agreement (ranges: 0.03–0.05 and ±0.09–0.15 g·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, intraindividual variation in PFO is substantial despite 4-min stages establishing steady-state gas exchange in individuals with low fitness. Individual assessment of PFO may require multiple assessments.

The Effects of Preexercise Caffeinated Coffee Ingestion on Endurance Performance: An Evidence-Based Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Higgins ◽  
Chad R. Straight ◽  
Richard D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Aid ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Usable Information ◽  
Caffeinated Coffee

Endurance athletes commonly ingest caffeine as a means to enhance training intensity and competitive performance. A widely-used source of caffeine is coffee, however conflicting evidence exists regarding the efficacy of coffee in improving endurance performance. In this context, the aims of this evidence-based review were threefold: 1) to evaluate the effects of preexercise coffee on endurance performance, 2) to evaluate the effects of coffee on perceived exertion during endurance performance, and 3) to translate the research into usable information for athletes to make an informed decision regarding the intake of caffeine via coffee as a potential ergogenic aid. Searches of three major databases were performed using terms caffeine and coffee, or coffee-caffeine, and endurance, or aerobic. Included studies (n = 9) evaluated the effects of caffeinated coffee on human subjects, provided the caffeine dose administered, administered caffeine ≥ 45 min before testing, and included a measure of endurance performance (e.g., time trial). Significant improvements in endurance performance were observed in five of nine studies, which were on average 24.2% over controls for time to exhaustion trials, and 3.1% for time to completion trials. Three of six studies found that coffee reduced perceived exertion during performance measures significantly more than control conditions (p < .05). Based on the reviewed studies there is moderate evidence supporting the use of coffee as an ergogenic aid to improve performance in endurance cycling and running. Coffee providing 3–8.1 mg/kg (1.36–3.68 mg/lb) of caffeine may be used as a safe alternative to anhydrous caffeine to improve endurance performance.

The Acute Effects of L-arginine on Hormonal and Metabolic Responses During Submaximal Exercise in Trained Cyclists

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Forbes ◽  
Vicki Harber ◽  
Gordon J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Acute Ingestion ◽  
Time Point

L-arginine may enhance endurance performance mediated by two primary mechanisms including enhanced secretion of endogenous growth hormone (GH) and as a precursor of nitric oxide (NO); however, research in trained participants has been equivocal. The purpose was to investigate the effect of acute L-arginine ingestion on the hormonal and metabolic response during submaximal exercise in trained cyclists. Fifteen aerobically trained men (age: 28 ± 5 y; body mass: 77.4 ± 9.5 kg; height: 180.9 ± 7.9 cm; VO2max: 59.6 ± 5.9 ml·kg-1·min−1) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Subjects consumed L-arginine (ARG; 0.075 g·kg-1 body mass) or a placebo (PLA) before performing an acute bout of submaximal exercise (60 min at 80% of power output achieved at ventilatory threshold). The ARG condition significantly increased plasma L-arginine concentrations (~146%), while no change was detected in the PLA condition. There were no differences between conditions for GH, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), lactate, glucose, VO2, VCO2, RER, CHO oxidation, and NOx. There was reduced fat oxidation at the start of exercise (ARG: 0.36 ± 0.25 vs. PLA: 0.42 ± 0.23 g·min−1, p < .05) and an elevated plasma glycerol concentrations at the 45-min time point (ARG: 340.3 vs. PLA: 288.5 μmol·L-1, p < .05) after L-arginine consumption. In conclusion, the acute ingestion of L-arginine did not alter any hormonal, metabolic, or cardio-respiratory responses during submaximal exercise except for a small but significant increase in glycerol at the 45-min time point and a reduction in fat oxidation at the start of exercise.

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