Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion during Exercise on Post-exercise Substrate Oxidation and Energy Intake

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Melby ◽  
Kristen L. Osterberg ◽  
Alyssa Resch ◽  
Brenda Davy ◽  
Susan Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Total Fat

Thirteen physically active, eumenorrheic, normal-weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2) females, aged 18–30 years, completed 4 experimental conditions, with the order based on a Latin Square Design: (a) CHO/Ex: moderate-intensity exer-· cise (65% V̇O2peak) with a net energy cost of ~500 kcals, during which time the subject consumed a carbohydrate beverage (45 g CHO) at specific time intervals; (b) CHO/NoEx: a period of time identical to (a) but with subjects consuming the carbohydrate while sitting quietly rather than exercising; (c) NoCHO/ Ex: same exercise protocol as condition (a) during which time subjects consumed a non-caloric placebo beverage; and (d) NoCHO/NoEx: same as the no-exercise condition (b) but with subjects consuming a non-caloric placebo beverage. Energy expenditure, and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates for the entire exercise/sitting period plus a 90-min recovery period were determined by continuous indirect calorimetry. Following recovery, subjects ate ad libitum amounts of food from a buffet and were asked to record dietary intake during the remainder of the day. Total fat oxidation (exercise plus recovery) was attenuated by carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion by only ~4.5 g. There was a trend (p = .08) for a carbohydrate effect on buffet energy intake such that the CHO/Ex and CHO/NoEx energy intakes were lower than the NoCHO/Ex and NoCHO/NoEx energy intakes, respectively (mean for CHO conditions: 683 kcal; NoCHO conditions: 777 kcal). Average total energy intake (buffet plus remainder of the day) was significantly lower (p < .05) following the conditions when carbohydrate was consumed (CHO/Ex = 1470 kcal; CHO/NoEx = 1285 kcal) compared to the noncaloric placebo (NoCHO/Ex =1767 kcal; NoCHO/ NoEx = 1660 kcal). In conclusion, in young women engaging in regular exercise, ingestion of 45 g of carbohydrate during exercise only modestly suppresses total fat oxidation during exercise. Furthermore, the ingestion of carbohydrate with or without exercise resulted in a lower energy intake for the remainder of the day

High-level medium-chain triglyceride feeding and energy expenditure in normal-weight women

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Alexandrou ◽  
Gene R. Herzberg ◽  
Matthew D. White
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

The objective of this study was to assess how short-term feeding of high levels of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) affect energy expenditure and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in normal-weight, premenopausal women. Eight healthy women were fed both a MCT-rich and an isocaloric long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-rich diet for two 1-week periods separated by a minimum of 21 days. The energy intake in each diet was 45% carbohydrates, 40% fat, and 15% protein. The 2 diets had either 60.81% or 1.11% of total fat energy from MCT with the remaining fat energy intake from LCT. On days 1 and 7 of each diet, resting metabolic rate and postprandial energy expenditure (EE) were measured by indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood. Results indicated on days 1 and 7, there were no significant differences between diets for resting metabolic rate or mean postprandial EE. On both days 1 and 7, fat oxidation for the MCT-rich diet was significantly greater (0.0001 ≤ p ≤ 0.04) than that for the LCT-rich diet at different time points across the 5.5 h postprandial period. In conclusion, for premenopausal, normal-weight women consuming a diet with 25% of the energy content from MCT, there were no changes in resting metabolic rate, transient increases in postprandial energy expenditure, and significant increases in postprandial fat oxidation.

Substrate metabolism when subjects are fed carbohydrate during exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. E828-E835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez ◽  
Lauri O. Byerley ◽  
Edward F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

This study determined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on the lipolytic rate, glucose disappearance from plasma (Rd Glc), and fat oxidation. Six moderately trained men cycled for 2 h on four separate occasions. During two trials, they were fed a high-glycemic carbohydrate meal during exercise at 30 min (0.8 g/kg), 60 min (0.4 g/kg), and 90 min (0.4 g/kg); once during low-intensity exercise [25% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] and once during moderate-intensity exercise (68%V˙o 2 peak). During two additional trials, the subjects remained fasted (12–14 h) throughout exercise at each intensity. After 55 min of low-intensity exercise in fed subjects, hyperglycemia (30% increase) and a threefold elevation in plasma insulin concentration ( P < 0.05) were associated with a 22% suppression of lipolysis compared with when subjects were fasted (5.2 ± 0.5 vs. 6.7 ± 1.2 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, P < 0.05), but fat oxidation was not different from fasted levels at this time. Fat oxidation when subjects were fed carbohydrate was not reduced below fasting levels until 80–90 min of exercise, and lipolysis was in excess of fat oxidation at this time. The reduction in fat oxidation corresponded in time with the increase in Rd Glc. During moderate-intensity exercise, the very small elevation in plasma insulin concentration (∼3 μU/ml; P < 0.05) during the second hour of exercise when subjects were fed vs. when they were fasted slightly attenuated lipolysis ( P < 0.05) but did not increase Rd Glc or suppress fat oxidation. These findings indicate that despite a suppression of lipolysis after carbohydrate ingestion during exercise, the lipolytic rate remained in excess and thus did not limit fat oxidation. Under these conditions, a reduction in fat oxidation was associated in time with an increase in glucose uptake.

scholarly journals Mechanisms behind the portion size effect-visibility and bite size

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Stanley Burger ◽  
Susan L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Size ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Participant Characteristics

Increases in portion size lead to increases in energy intake, yet the mechanisms behind this ‘portion size effect’ are unclear. This study tested possible mechanisms of the portion size effect i.e., bite size and visual cues in 30 over- and normal-weight individuals (15 men, 15 women). A 2x2 repeated measures, within-subject design was used to test the effects of portion size (410g vs. 820g of a pasta dish) and visual cues (blindfolded vs. visible) on energy intake. At each meal participants were exposed to one of four experimental conditions (small portion/visible; small portion/blindfold; large portion/visible; large portion/blindfold). Participant characteristics, food intake, number of bites, meal duration, palatability measures and hunger and fullness were assessed. In response to a doubling of the portion presented, entrée energy intake increased 26% (220kcal P &lt; 0.001) and mean bite size increased 2.4g/bite (P &lt; 0.05). Overweight individuals consumed 40% (334kcal) more of the entrée in response to the large portion condition (P &lt; 0.05), while lean individuals’ intakes did not differ (P &lt; 0.56). A 12% (122kcal) decrease in entrée intake was observed in the blindfolded condition (P &lt; 0.01), but no portion by visual cue interaction was found; indicating that blindfolding did not attenuate the portion size effect. These data suggest that the portion size effect is greater in overweight individuals and occurs via changes in bite size.

Effect of Sprint Interval Exercise on Postexercise Metabolism and Blood Pressure in Adolescents

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Burns ◽  
Hnin Hnin Oo ◽  
Anh Thanh Thuy Tran
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Total Fat

The current study examined the effect of sprint interval exercise on postexercise oxygen consumption, respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), substrate oxidation, and blood pressure in adolescents. Participants were 10 normal-weight healthy youth (7 female), age 15–18 years. After overnight fasts, each participant undertook 2 trials in a random balanced order: (a) two 30-s bouts of sprint interval exercise on a cycle ergometer and (b) rested in the laboratory for an equivalent period. Timematched measurements of oxygen consumption, RER, and blood pressure were made 90 min into recovery, and substrate oxidation were calculated over the time period. Total postexercise oxygen uptake was significantly higher in the exercise than control trial over the 90 min (mean [SD]: control 20.0 [6.0] L, exercise 24.8 [9.8] L; p = .030). After exercise, RER was elevated above control but then fell rapidly and was lower than control 30–60 min postexercise, and fat oxidation was significantly higher in the exercise than control trial 45–60 min postexercise. However, total fat oxidation did not differ between trials (control 4.5 [2.5] g, exercise 5.4 [2.7] g; p = .247). Post hoc tests revealed that systolic blood pressure was significantly lower than in control at 90 min postexercise (control 104 [10] mm Hg, exercise 99 [10] mm Hg; p < .05). These data indicate that acute sprint interval exercise leads to short-term increases in oxygen uptake and reduced blood pressure in youth. The authors suggest that health outcomes in response to sprint interval training be examined in children.

The effect of puberty on fat oxidation rates during exercise in overweight and normal-weight girls

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chu ◽  
M. C. Riddell ◽  
J. E. Schneiderman ◽  
B. W. McCrindle ◽  
J. K. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Oxidation Rates

Excess weight is often associated with insulin resistance (IR) and may disrupt fat oxidation during exercise. This effect is further modified by puberty. While studies have shown that maximal fat oxidation rates (FOR) during exercise decrease with puberty in normal-weight (NW) and overweight (OW) boys, the effect of puberty in NW and OW girls is unclear. Thirty-three NW and OW girls ages 8–18 yr old completed a peak aerobic capacity test on a cycle ergometer. FOR were calculated during progressive submaximal exercise. Body composition and Tanner stage were determined. For each participant, a best-fit polynomial curve was constructed using fat oxidation vs. exercise intensity to estimate max FOR. In a subset of the girls, IR derived from an oral glucose tolerance test ( n = 20), and leptin and adiponectin levels ( n = 11) were assessed in relation to FOR. NW pre-early pubertal girls had higher max FOR [6.9 ± 1.4 mg·kg fat free mass (FFM)−1·min−1] than NW mid-late pubertal girls (2.2 ± 0.9 mg·kg FFM−1·min−1) ( P = 0.002), OW pre-early pubertal girls (3.8 ± 2.1 mg·kg FFM−1·min−1), and OW mid-late pubertal girls (3.3 ± 0.9 mg·kg FFM−1·min−1) ( P < 0.05). Bivariable analyses showed positive associations between FOR with homeostatic model assessment of IR ( P = 0.001), leptin ( P < 0.001), and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio ( P = 0.001), independent of percent body fat. Max FOR decreased in NW girls during mid-late puberty; however, this decrease associated with puberty was blunted in OW girls due to lower FOR in pre-early puberty. The presence of IR due to obesity potentially masks the effect of puberty on FOR during exercise in girls.

scholarly journals Acute effects of exercise timing and breakfast meal glycemic index on exercise-induced fat oxidation

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bennard ◽  
Éric Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Timing ◽  
Balance Exercise ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Exercise Induced

Fat balance is an important determinant of energy balance. Exercise after an overnight fast can significantly increase fat oxidation; however, little information pertaining to the effects of exercise and meal glycemic index on fat oxidation under these conditions is available. The objective of this investigation was to study the acute effects of exercise timing and meal glycemic index (GI) on whole-body fat oxidation. Eight apparently healthy young men completed 4 randomly ordered trials during which measurements were made at rest, during exercise, and for 2 h post-exercise and (or) post-prandial. After an overnight fast, subjects were required to perform 400 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) of treadmill exercise (at FATmax) either before consuming a 400 kcal low-GI (Ex-LG) or high-GI (Ex-HG) oatmeal breakfast, or after consuming the low-GI (LG-Ex) or high-GI (HG-Ex) meal. The amount of fat oxidized during exercise was significantly greater during Ex-LG and Ex-HG (17.2 ± 4.0 and 17.5 ± 4.7 g, respectively) than during LG-Ex and HG-Ex (10.9 ± 3.7 and 11.7 ± 3.5 g, respectively) (p < 0.001), as was the amount of fat oxidized during the entire trial (Ex-LG: 23.4 ± 4.7 g; Ex-HG: 23.4 ± 6.5 g; LG-Ex: 18.4 ± 4.7 g; HG-Ex: 19.6 ± 4.9 g) (p < 0.05), even though energy expenditure was not different across experimental conditions. No significant effect of meal GI on the amount of fat oxidized was noted. Total fat oxidized during exercise, and for 2 h after exercise, was greatest when morning exercise was performed in the fasted state, independently of meal GI.

scholarly journals Comparison of energy-matched high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise sessions on latency to eat, energy intake, and appetite

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-673
Author(s):  
Keyne Charlot ◽  
Didier Chapelot
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Standard Breakfast

High-intensity interval exercises (HIIex) have gained popularity but their effects on eating behavior are poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the effects of HIIex on the 3 main components of eating behavior (appetite, intake, and latency to eat) differ from those of moderate-intensity continuous exercises (MICex) for the same energy expenditure. Fifteen young normal-weight males completed 3 sessions in a counterbalanced order: HIIex (30-s bouts at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake interceded with 60-s bouts at 35% of maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min), MICex (42% of maximal oxygen uptake for 40 min), and a resting session (REST). Trials were scheduled 80 and 100 min after a standard breakfast for MICex and HIIex, respectively. At 120 min, participants were isolated until they asked for lunch. Appetite was rated on 4 visual analog scales (hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and prospective consumption) every 15 min until meal request. Results showed that the mean latency of requesting lunch was significantly longer after HIIex than after REST (+17.3 ± 4.3 min, P = 0.004), but not after MICex (P = 0.686). Energy intake was not different between conditions, leading to a negative energy balance in the 2 exercise sessions. Thus, the effects of HIIex on eating behavior are likely primarily mediated through the latency of meal initiation. However, inter-individual variability was large and further studies are needed to identify the predictive factors of this response.

A single 1-h bout of evening exercise increases basal FFA flux without affecting VLDL-triglyceride and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in untrained lean men

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. E1568-E1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faidon Magkos ◽  
Bruce W. Patterson ◽  
B. Selma Mohammed ◽  
Bettina Mittendorfer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Vldl Triglyceride

Our group (Magkos F, Wright DC, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E355–E362, 2006) has recently demonstrated that a single, prolonged bout of moderate-intensity cycling (2 h at 60% of peak oxygen consumption) in the evening increases basal whole-body free fatty acid (FFA) flux and fat oxidation, decreases hepatic VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) secretion, and enhances removal efficiency of VLDL-triglyceride (TG) from the circulation the following day in untrained, healthy, lean men. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a single, shorter-duration bout of the same exercise (1 h cycling at 60% of peak oxygen consumption) on basal FFA, VLDL-TG, and VLDL-apoB-100 kinetics in seven untrained, healthy, lean men by using stable isotope-labeled tracer techniques. Basal FFA rate of appearance in plasma and plasma FFA concentration were ∼55% greater ( P < 0.05) the morning after exercise than rest, whereas resting metabolic rate and whole-body substrate oxidation rates were not different after rest and exercise. Exercise had no effect on plasma VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 concentrations, hepatic VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 secretion rates, and VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 plasma clearance rates (all P > 0.05). We conclude that in untrained, healthy, lean men 1) the exercise-induced changes in basal whole-body fat oxidation, VLDL-TG, and VLDL-apoB-100 metabolism during the late phase of recovery from exercise are related to the duration of the exercise bout; 2) single sessions of typical recreational activities appear to have little effect on basal, fasting plasma TG homeostasis; and 3) there is a dissociation between systemic FFA availability and VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB-100 secretion by the liver.

Body composition, not dietary fatty acid composition, explains metabolic responses following a high-fat meal in premenopausal normal-weight women: a single-blind, randomised, crossover study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin J Graybeal ◽  
Jada L. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Single Blind

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of three different fatty acid (FA)-rich meals enriched in either SFA, MUFA or PUFA on postprandial metabolic responses in premenopausal, normal-weight women. For this randomised, single-blind, crossover study, three high-fat (HF) meals rich in either SFA, MUFA or PUFA (65 % energy from fat; 35 % of participants’ total daily energy needs) were tested. For each visit, anthropometrics and RMR were measured following a 12–15 h fast. Then, participants consumed one of the HF meals, and respiratory gases were collected using indirect calorimetry for 3 h postprandially. Energy expenditure (EE) following a SFA-rich meal was significantly higher than a MUFA-rich meal (P = 0·04; η2 = 0·19), but SFA was not significantly different from PUFA. There was a trend towards significance in EE between PUFA and MUFA (P = 0·06). After adjusting for fat-free mass (FFM), there were no longer condition or time effects for EE, although FFM remained a significant predictor (P = 0·005; η2 = 0·45). There were no significant differences between conditions for dietary-induced thermogenesis or substrate oxidation. The relationship between fat mass (FM) and both total fat oxidation (r 0·62; P = 0·025) and total change in RER following a MUFA-rich meal was observed (r −0·55; P = 0·05). In conclusion, weight loss through increases in EE may be best achieved by increasing FFM rather than selection of FA type. Further, a relationship exists between FM and fat oxidation following a MUFA-rich meal, most likely due to an unidentified mechanism.

scholarly journals Effects of a Thermogenic Pre-Workout Supplement on Fat Oxidation Rates During Moderate-Intensity Running in Females

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Erickson ◽  
Andrew Jagim ◽  
Glenn Wright ◽  
Carl Foster ◽  
Clayton Camic
Keyword(s):  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Oxidation Rates
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