Spatial and temporal groupings of water main pipe breakage in Winnipeg

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Goulter ◽  
A. Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Interval Parameter ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Exponential Decrease ◽  
Spatial Interval ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Pipe Breakage ◽  
The City

The spatial and temporal patterns of water distribution pipe failure in the City of Winnipeg are examined. The failures are shown to be strongly clustered in space, where 22% of the total failures examined occur within 1 m of another failure and 46% occur within 20 m of another failure. A strong temporal clustering is also apparent, with 42% of all failures that occur within 1 m of another found also to occur within 1 day of the initial failure in the group. An exponential decrease in the marginal rates of failure with respect to both the temporal and spatial interval parameter is also observed. Earlier failures in a particular location appear to be an important key to assessing potential failures in that vicinity. These results suggest that a fruitful area for further examination for the reduction of failure rates is the change in the ground conditions resulting from an initial leak and its subsequent repair. Key words: failures, groupings, marginal rates, pipes, space, time, water distribution, Winnipeg.

An analysis of pipe breakage in urban water distribution networks

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kettler ◽  
I. C. Goulter
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Asbestos Cement ◽  
Pipe Systems ◽  
Pipe Breakage ◽  
Joint Regression Analysis

The rates of pipe breakage with increasing pipe diameter and times are investigated. Failure rates for cast-iron pipe are found to decrease with increasing diameter. Changes in pipe failure rates for the various modes of failures are examined in detail. Asbestos-cement and cast-iron pipe overall failure rates are found to increase with time, but for different reasons. Analysis of the modes of failure shows that joint failure is predominant for cast-iron pipe systems with bolted and universal joints whereas the predominant mode of failure for asbestos-cement pipe systems is circumferential cracking. Key words: asbestos cement, cast iron, cracking, diameter, failure rate, joint, regression analysis.

scholarly journals Factors contributing to the failure of asbestos cement water mains

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Hu ◽  
D W Hubble
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Asbestos Cement ◽  
Water Mains ◽  
The City

Asbestos cement (AC) water mains were installed extensively in North America, Europe, and Australia from the late 1920s to the early 1980s and still form a significant component of water distribution networks of many cities. These water mains are ageing and some water systems have experienced a high breakage rate in AC mains in recent years. It is essential that a clear understanding be developed of the factors contributing to their failure to ensure that municipalities and water authorities can manage their AC water-main assets. In this paper, the historical failure data of AC water mains from the City of Regina were collected and correlated with their corresponding environmental setting, including soil type, water quality, climate, and construction and maintenance practices. The predominant factors that influence the AC pipe breaks were identified. It was observed that pipe age, diameter, climate, clay soil, and construction and maintenance methods all influence the failure of AC water mains in the city, with climate and clay soil conditions being the two critical factors. Some chemical attack from the conveyed water and soil pore water may have occurred and detrimentally affected the structural integrity of the AC water mains. Key words: asbestos cement pipes, water mains, pipe failure, clay soil, climate.

scholarly journals Application of genetic programming to modeling pipe failures in water distribution systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Qiuwen Chen ◽  
Weifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Programming ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pipe Failure ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Failure Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Gis Data ◽  
Failure Models

The water loss from a water distribution system is a serious problem for many cities, which incurs enormous economic and social loss. However, the economic and human resource costs to exactly locate the leakage are extraordinarily high. Thus, reliable and robust pipe failure models are demanded to assess a pipe's propensity to fail. Beijing City was selected as the case study area and the pipe failure data for 19 years (1987–2005) were analyzed. Three different kinds of methods were applied to build pipe failure models. First, a statistical model was built, which discovered that the ages of leakage pipes followed the Weibull distribution. Then, two other models were developed using genetic programming (GP) with different data pre-processing strategies. The three models were compared thereafter and the best model was applied to assess the criticality of all the pipe segments of the entire water supply network in Beijing City based on GIS data.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Fluoride Levels for a City in Northern Mexico (Durango) Determined Using a Direct Electrochemical Method and Their Potential Effects on Oral Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Molina Frechero ◽  
Leonor Sánchez Pérez ◽  
Enrique Castañeda Castaneira ◽  
Anastasio Oropeza Oropeza ◽  
Enrique Gaona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Fluoride is ingested primarily through consuming drinking water. When drinking water contains fluoride concentrations >0.7 parts per million (ppm), consuming such water can be toxic to the human body; this toxicity is called “fluorosis.” Therefore, it is critical to determine the fluoride concentrations in drinking water. The objective of this study was to determine the fluoride concentration in the drinking water of the city of Durango. The wells that supply the drinking water distribution system for the city of Durango were studied. One hundred eighty-nine (189) water samples were analyzed, and the fluoride concentration in each sample was quantified as established by the law NMX-AA-077-SCFI-2001. The fluoride concentrations in such samples varied between 2.22 and 7.23 ppm with a 4.313 ± 1.318 ppm mean concentration. The highest values were observed in the northern area of the city, with a 5.001 ± 2.669 ppm mean value. The samples produced values that exceeded the national standard for fluoride in drinking water. Chronic exposure to fluoride at such concentrations produces harmful health effects, the first sign of which is dental fluorosis. Therefore, it is essential that the government authorities implement water defluoridation programs and take preventative measures to reduce the ingestion of this toxic halogen.

Precarious city: home-making and eviction in Buenos Aires, Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
City Center ◽  
Place Making ◽  
Domestic Spaces ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The City ◽  
Traditional Roles

This article expands on current conceptualizations and applications of precarity by exploring the everyday socio-spatial complexities of migrant squatters living in informal hotels in the center of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Through ethnographic methods, this research investigates squatters’ practices of negotiating access to shared domestic spaces and resources, while experiencing long-term waiting for eviction from their home and potentially from the city center. Employing a cultural geographies approach, this work is concerned with understanding the ways in which precarity is routinely experienced in the micro-spaces of everyday life. Precarity is examined in its temporal and spatial manifestations, with particular emphasis on gendered experiences and home-making practices. Moving through daily spaces and routine situations, I document how precarity is embedded in the mundane tasks of the domestic, and as a result, unevenly impacts women whose traditional roles as mothers and caretakers mean that they are often at the fore of place-making practices and responsibilities.

Temporal and spatial patterns of spawning in jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis (Pisces:Carangidae), during 1988-91 in eastern Tasmanian waters

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Jordan ◽  
G Pullen ◽  
J Marshall ◽  
H Williams
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Shelf Break ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Jack Mackerel ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Cold Event ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Break Region ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during the summer and autumn of 1988-89, 1989-90 and 1990-91 along the eastern coast of Tasmania were used to examine the spatial and temporal patterns of eggs and larvae of jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis. Results indicate that the species spawns along the entire eastern coast during summer. Trachurus declivis eggs were most abundant at shelf-break stations, indicating that spawning is concentrated in this region, although high concentrations of eggs were present on the inner shelf in 1988-89, which can be attributed to rapid onshore transport in that year. Larvae were evenly dispersed over the shelf, with the distribution of larval ages showing no indication of inshore recruitment. Considerable interannual differences in sea surface temperatures and vertical thermal structure were apparent, with the warmer waters and strong thermal stratification in the summer of 1988-89 resulting from the influx of subtropical East Australian Current (EAC) water onto the shelf, which corresponded with a major La Nina 'cold event' at that time. It is suggested that the distribution of spawning is unaffected by the interannual variations in oceanography as the mature population spawns in deeper water in the shelf-break region that is unaffected by the warming in surface waters.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of Urban Thermal Island in Northern Iran (Case Study: Rasht City)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mohammadpourzeid ◽  
Bohloul Alijani ◽  
Mehry Akbary ◽  
Parviz Zeaieanfirouzabadi
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Spatial Trend ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Landsat Satellite ◽  
The City

Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in hydrology, meteorology, and the surface energy balance.The one-window algorithm of Kim et al. Uses Landsat satellite imagery to model the earth's surface temperature.These trends are validated using meteorological data. Two main and basic factors play a major role in the temporal and spatial trend of the thermal islands of Rasht. These two factors of climate change that have occurred in the last two decades in the region of Gilan province and the city of Rasht. The second factor that has greatly enhanced the effect of the first factor is the human factor that has greatly included other urban factors in Rasht, including urban management and proper urban planning in the province and the city of Rasht. These two factors in the temporal and spatial trend of urban thermal islands have caused thermal islands to rapidly increase the growth of the city and urban population from the urban center to the western and southwestern regions and have very negative effects on land use changes and human areas. It has caused the construction of Rasht city.

scholarly journals The image of New York in the context of the criminal world in the novel „The Godfather” by M. Puzo

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
D. Yu. Boklakh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Objective World ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The City

The work identifies the features of the artistic worldview of urban reality by the author, which is associated with the reproduction of the criminal sphere of life in New York in the middle of the twentieth century. It was found that the compositional center and background of events in the work is the image of the city, which becomes a sensotvir dominant, forms a system of local areas mainly without detailed action in time. The image of the city is perceived in the imagination of the explicit recipient, obeys the author’s intention and consciously follows it, becoming a passive observer. The author’s assessment of the reproduction of the objective world of the city is absent. The construction of temporal and spatial elements occurs through the retrospection of the narrator. New York is becoming a certified reflection of the life of the mafia world, full of social vices and an idle lifestyle. The sensual sphere of the city is full of immorality, the prosperity of crime, and the mercantile interests of residents. The linguistic context of reproducing the image of the city is indicated by modeling a kind of chronicle with a lexically monotonous text, created through the use of newspaper and telegraph stylistics.

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