A three-year field and laboratory evaluation of linseed oil as a concrete sealer

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 844-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wright ◽  
Z. Shen ◽  
S. Rizkalla
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Concrete Durability ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Surface Scaling ◽  
Mineral Spirits

Sealers are used to enhance concrete durability through their ability to prevent moisture penetration and chloride intrusion, and, consequently, improve the freeze–thaw performance of the concrete and prevent corrosion of the steel reinforcement, respectively. This paper summarizes the results of three years of comprehensive field and laboratory investigations, undertaken at The University of Manitoba, to study the effectiveness of boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits in comparison to a silane and a siloxane sealer. The field investigation examined the performance of the sealers applied to the concrete pavements of a city street, a provincial highway, and an airport apron in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The laboratory investigation included sealer penetration, salt-water absorption and vapour transmission, abrasion, chloride ion intrusion, surface scaling resistance, and rapid freeze–thaw cycling. Test results of the field and laboratory investigation indicated that boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits was the most effective sealer at reducing chloride ion intrusion. It was found that boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits was comparable to siloxane and much more effective than the silane at reducing salt-water absorption. The results also indicated that boiled linseed oil and mineral spirits was most effective at reducing surface scaling and remained effective when subjected to salt-water absorption after abrasion. Key words: concrete sealers, linseed oil, silane, siloxane, absorption, scaling, chloride intrusion.

Durability of concrete containing chloride-based accelerating admixtures

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
T. Rezansoff ◽  
D. Stott
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Concrete Durability ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Water To Cement Ratio

The influence of CaCl2 or a chloride-based accelerating admixture on the freeze–thaw resistance of concrete was evaluated. Three air entrained mix designs were investigated using ASTM C666-84, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing. All mix designs were similar, using cement contents of 340–357 kg/m3 of concrete, except for the addition of either 2% calcium chloride or 2% High Early Pozzolith, while no accelerating admixture was added to the control mix. The entire test program was repeated four times with water-to-cement ratio of 0.46 and three times with the ratio of 0.43. For the Pozzolith-accelerated concrete, half the samples were coated with boiled linseed oil in all seven series. For the control (unaccelerated) concrete, half the samples were coated with boiled linseed oil in one series for each water-to-cement ratio. Performance was monitored using the dynamic modulus of elasticity as obtained from transverse resonant frequency measurements. Weight loss of the specimens was also measured. Only the control samples (no accelerators) showed sufficient durability to satisfy the standard of maintaining at least 60% of the original dynamic modulus after 300 cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. Sealing with linseed oil showed inconsistent improvement in the durability in the various test series when defined in terms of the dynamic modulus; however, weight losses were the lowest of all categories and surface scaling was minimal. Key words: concrete, durability, freeze–thaw testing, calcium chloride, admixtures, sealants, air void system.

Laboratory Investigation of Pavement Backfilling Materials for Micro-Trenching in Cold Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (12) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Leila Hashemian ◽  
Vinicius Afonso Velasco Rios ◽  
Alireza Bayat
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Cement Grout ◽  
Host Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Asphalt Mixes ◽  
Freeze Thaw

This study investigated the performance of different materials in a micro-trench composite backfilling design. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of cold temperatures and freeze/thaw cycles on a cement grout and seven preparatory cold asphalt mixes. To compare the performance of cold mix asphalt and epoxy grout with hot mix asphalt as the host material, rutting tests and dynamic modulus tests at different loading frequencies and temperatures were conducted. Finally, laboratory scale micro-trench samples were prepared using different backfilling materials and were loaded using a wheel tracker after freeze/thaw conditioning. The results showed that cement grout could effectively be used to secure the conduit inside the trench. It was also concluded that using high-quality cold mix asphalt, a compatible material with hot mix asphalt, could improve micro-trench durability compared with epoxy grout.

Are oral rehydration solutions optimized for treating diarrhea?

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010602199164
Author(s):  
Samuel N Cheuvront ◽  
Robert W Kenefick ◽  
Laura Luque ◽  
Katherine M Mitchell ◽  
Sadasivan Vidyasagar
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Oral Rehydration Solution ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Rehydration Solutions ◽  
Rehydration Solution ◽  
Stool Volume

Background: A historical turning point occurred in the treatment of diarrhea when it was discovered that glucose could enhance intestinal sodium and water absorption. Adding glucose to salt water (oral rehydration solution, ORS) more efficiently replaced intestinal water and salt losses. Aim: Provide a novel hypothesis to explain why mainstream use of ORS has been strongly recommended, but weakly adopted. Methods: Traditional (absorptive) and novel (secretory) physiological functions of glucose in an ORS were reviewed. Results: Small amounts of glucose can stimulate both intestinal absorption and secretion. Glucose can exacerbate a net secretory state and may aggravate pathogen-induced diarrhea, particularly for pathogens that affect glucose transport. Conclusion: A hypothesis is made to explain why glucose-based ORS does not appreciably reduce diarrheal stool volume and why modern food science initiatives should focus on ORS formulations that replace water and electrolytes while also reducing stool volume and duration of diarrhea.

Review of Strength and Failure Criteria for Concrete After Freeze-Thaw Damage

2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 456-461
Author(s):  
Yan Fu Qin ◽  
Bin Tian ◽  
Gang Xu ◽  
Xiao Chun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Normal State ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Concrete Durability ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Strength Criteria ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Ordinary Concrete ◽  
Concrete Failure

Frost resistance research is one of the important subject of concrete durability, however strength criteria is an important part of the study of mechanical behavior of concrete. So far, about concrete failure criteria are almost for normal concrete, which the domestic and overseas scholars have comparative detailed research in every respect to it, and to freeze-thaw damage of concrete but few research. Based on the summary of the existing ordinary concrete strength and failure criteria in normal state and after freeze-thaw damage，this paper have a brief comment of failure criteria on concrete after freeze-thaw damage. For later research about concrete strength and failure criteria under freezing and thawing cycle provide the reference.

Studies on the Development of Benzoyl Peroxide Catalysed Rapid Oil Tanning using Linseed Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindia Sahu ◽  
Jaya Prakash Alla ◽  
Gladstone Christopher Jayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Remarkable Reduction ◽  
Better Than

Leather tanning is a stabilisation process of skin fibers. This is achieved by the interaction of collagen amino acids with tanning agents to stabilise skin from putrefaction. Tanning of collagen with oil is a special class of tanning known as chamois tanning. Chemically, the oil tanning involves oxidation of unsaturation present in the oil, which is generally achieved by exposing oil treated skins to air. In this study, Benzoyl peroxide has been used as an accelerating agent for oxidation of unsaturated bonds present in the linseed oil for oil tanning process. Results shows remarkable reduction in tanning duration from fifteen days to two days. The chamois leathers prepared using oxidation accelerant (Benzoyl peroxide) have been evaluated for physical properties such as water absorption (611%), tensile strength (18 N/mm2) and percentage of elongation (66 %) which are found to be better than control leathers.

scholarly journals Effects of Anti-Graffiti Protection on Concrete Durability

2014 ◽  
Vol 634 ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Neto ◽  
Ana Souto ◽  
Aires Camões ◽  
Arlindo Begonha ◽  
Paulo Cachim
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Concrete Durability ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Paint Removal ◽  
Durability Of Concrete

The heritage of fair-faced concrete, largely built in the twentieth century and nowadays recognized as heritage to be protected, is susceptible to attacks by graffiti, a form of vandalism that causes a major social and economic impact on society. Concrete is a porous material sometimes deteriorated over the years, and the interactions between the inks and the substrate and removal methods sometimes deteriorate or alter the concrete surface, especially if it is necessary to repeat the removal process. The anti-graffiti products are applied on the surface of the concrete, hindering the adhesion of paints or preventing its penetration into the pores of concrete, which in turn facilitates their removal. However, it appears that many of the existing protective products on the market may also alter the surface characteristics of the concrete irreversibly. Considering that the durability of concrete depends on the composition and characteristics of the surface, it is essential to know the effects of anti-graffiti protection systems on the durability of concrete and adopt the appropriate methodology to preserve this heritage. Thus, an experimental program was developed for analyzing changes in durability indicators and surface properties that protect concrete from deterioration (i) concrete without protection before and after application of spray paint, (ii) concrete with protection before and after application of spray paint and (iii) after paint removal were studied. Two anti-graffiti products were evaluated: a permanent and a sacrificial one. Effects of the anti-graffiti systems on the concrete durability are investigated and the tests performed include: water absorption by capillary and immersion at atmospheric pressure. The results of the water absorption tests show that the graffiti protection reduces the water absorption into the concrete and facilitates the removal of the graffiti without affecting negatively the characteristics of the surface and thus contributing to improve its durability.

scholarly journals Effects of Imposed Damage on the Capillary Water Absorption of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Gao ◽  
Zhiming Ma ◽  
Jianzhuang Xiao ◽  
Fuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Recycled Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Capillary Absorption ◽  
Capillary Water ◽  
Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Capillary Water Absorption ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Loading Level

Capillary water absorption of concrete is closely related to its pore structure, permeability, and durability. This paper intensively investigates the effects of imposed damage, including freeze-thaw damage and loading damage, on the capillary water absorption of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Freeze-thaw cycle test, loading test, and the experiment of capillary water absorption were carried out, respectively. The results demonstrate that the addition of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) results in the increase in the capillary absorption behavior of RAC without imposed damage, and there exists a linear correlation between the behaviors of capillary water absorption and chloride penetration of RAC. The imposed freeze-thaw damage or load damage of RAC boosts with the increase of RCA replacement percentages after suffering the same freeze-thaw cycles or loading level. The imposed freeze-thaw damage and load damage further lead to the increase in the capillary water absorption of RAC, and the capillary absorption coefficient of RAC increases linearly with the increased RCA replacement percentages, after suffering the same freeze-thaw cycles or loading level. Furthermore, capillary absorption coefficient increases linearly with the growth of imposed freeze-thaw damage or load damage degree, which can be used to estimate the capillary absorption behavior of RAC exposed to the extreme environment.

EFFECT OF CRUMB RUBBER ON CONCRETE STRENGTH AND CHLORIDE ION PENETRATION RESISTANCE

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurazuwa Md Noor ◽  
H. Hamada ◽  
Y. Sagawa ◽  
D. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Structural Strength ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Rubberized Concrete ◽  
Migration Test ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Chloride Ion Penetration ◽  
Chloride Ion Diffusion

This paper present the effect of crumb rubber on its ability to produce concrete with structural strength when it was used directly from the plant without any treatment process. Crumb rubber was added as fine aggregates at 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of sand volume meanwhile silica fume was added at 10% by cement weight. Three main series of concrete namely rubberized concrete with water-to-cement ratio of 50% and 35% was design and development of compressive strength was observed from day 7 until 91 days. Also, effectiveness of crumb rubber under flexural strength and splitting tensile strength was studied at 28 days curing age. Effect of crumb rubber on durability performance was done on chloride ion penetration resistance performance by migration test and by immersion in salt water. Chloride ion diffusion in rubberized concrete by migration test was carried out under steady state condition using effective diffusion coefficient, De meanwhile, immersion test in salt water was conducted under non-steady state condition using apparent diffusion coefficient, Da. Results showed that compressive strength was decrease with the increasing of crumb rubber in the mixture.  Even though the strength were reducing with the inclusion of crumb rubber, the reduction were less than 50% and it achieved acceptable structural strength. Chloride transport characteristics were improved by increasing amount of CR and rubberized concrete with w/c = 0.35 gave better resistance against chloride ion compared to w/c = 0.50 with more than 50% difference. Silica fume provide slightly strength increment compared to normal rubberized concrete and the same behavior was observed during chloride ion diffusion test.

Can Soy Methyl Esters Improve Concrete Pavement Joint Durability?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2290 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Golias ◽  
Javier Castro ◽  
Alva Peled ◽  
Tommy Nantung ◽  
Bernard Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Concrete Durability ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Fluid Saturation ◽  
Soy Methyl Ester ◽  
Term Performance

Although many concrete pavements provide excellent long-term performance, some pavements (primarily in the Midwest) have shown premature deterioration at the joints. This premature deterioration is a concern because such deterioration can shorten the life of pavements that are otherwise functioning well. Previous work has hypothesized that these joints may be susceptible to preferential fluid saturation, which can lead to freeze–thaw damage or chemical degradation. This work examines the use of soy methyl ester–polystyrene (SME-PS) blends as a method to reduce the rate of fluid ingress into the pore system of the concrete and thereby make the concrete more resistant to deterioration. SME-PS is derived from soybeans and has demonstrated an ability to reduce fluid absorption in concrete when used as a topical treatment. A series of experiments was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of various dosage rates of SME-PS for increasing concrete durability at pavement joints. The experiments show that SME-PS reduces fluid ingress, salt ingress, and the potential for freeze–thaw damage. As a result of the positive experimental results, the Indiana Department of Transportation is conducting field trials that use SME-PS on concrete pavements that are beginning to show signs of premature deterioration with the expectation that SME-PS will extend the life of the joints and thereby reduce maintenance cost and extend the life of concrete pavements.

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