Environmental road and lot drainage designs: alternatives to the curb-gutter-sewer system

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Li ◽  
Robert Orland ◽  
Tom Hogenbirk
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Steep Topography ◽  
Runoff Quality

Traditionally, road and lot drainage systems have been designed to convey storm runoff away as quickly as possible to reduce localized ponding. This drainage concept, using curb-gutter-sewer systems, has led to downstream flooding, erosion, water-quality degradation, reduced groundwater recharge and stream baseflow, and aquatic habitat destruction. This paper examines the pros and cons of curb-gutter-sewer systems and qualitatively compares various forms of open ditch - swale drainage alternatives with the conventional curb-gutter-sewer drainage system. These open ditch - swale drainage alternatives not only provide drainage functions but also promote infiltration, trap sediments, and reduce flow velocity along the drainage path. Thus, they can reduce erosion, enhance runoff quality, and increase groundwater recharge. However, they usually require a wider right-of-way than the conventional curb-gutter-sewer systems and may not be suitable for sites with steep topography or erosive soils. For sites that are suitable for the application of these alternative drainage systems, their environment functions make them more attractive than the conventional curb-gutter-sewer system.Key words: drainage systems, storm water, curbs, gutters, sewers, ditches, swales.

A stochastic approach for automatic generation of urban drainage systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Möderl ◽  
D. Butler ◽  
W. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Urban Drainage System ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems

Typically, performance evaluation of new developed methodologies is based on one or more case studies. The investigation of multiple real world case studies is tedious and time consuming. Moreover extrapolating conclusions from individual investigations to a general basis is arguable and sometimes even wrong. In this article a stochastic approach is presented to evaluate new developed methodologies on a broader basis. For the approach the Matlab-tool “Case Study Generator” is developed which generates a variety of different virtual urban drainage systems automatically using boundary conditions e.g. length of urban drainage system, slope of catchment surface, etc. as input. The layout of the sewer system is based on an adapted Galton-Watson branching process. The sub catchments are allocated considering a digital terrain model. Sewer system components are designed according to standard values. In total, 10,000 different virtual case studies of urban drainage system are generated and simulated. Consequently, simulation results are evaluated using a performance indicator for surface flooding. Comparison between results of the virtual and two real world case studies indicates the promise of the method. The novelty of the approach is that it is possible to get more general conclusions in contrast to traditional evaluations with few case studies.

Urban Drainage Systems: Design and Operation

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 31-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Marsalek ◽  
T. O. Barnwell ◽  
W. Geiger ◽  
M. Grottker ◽  
W. C. Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems ◽  
Receiving Waters

Design and operation of urban drainage systems are addressed in the context of the urban water system comprising drainage, sewage treatment plants and receiving waters. The planning and design of storm sewers are reviewed with reference to planning objectives, design objectives, flows and pollutant loads, sewer system structures and urban runoff control and treatment. The discussion of combined sewers focuses on hydraulic design of combined sewer systems, including combined sewer overflow (CSO) structures, and the use of CSO structures and storage in control of CSOs. The section on operation of sewer systems focuses on real time control, its feasibility, planning, design, operation and applications. Sewer system planning and design are generally conducted using computer modelling tools and procedures which are reviewed in the last section. A brief listing of selected models focuses on internationally used models. Finally, it was concluded that further improvements in environmental and ecological protection of urban waters is feasible only by consideration of urban drainage systems in conjunctions with sewage treatment and water quality in the receiving waters.

Performance assessment of separate and combined sewer systems in metropolitan areas in southern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Cang Feng ◽  
Jun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems

To assess the performance of urban drainage systems in metropolitan areas in southern China, 12 urban drainage systems, including nine separate sewer systems (SSSs) and three combined sewer systems (CSSs) were monitored from 2008 to 2012 in Shanghai and Hefei. Illicit connection rates of SSS were determined. The results indicate that serious illicit connections exist for most SSSs. Annual volume balance for two SSSs with serious illicit connection was assessed with a hydraulic model to determine the dry weather overflow volume. Although interception facilities have been implemented in SSSs, for some systems with serious illicit connections, a considerable volume of dry weather overflow still existed. Combined with monitoring of dry/wet weather flow quality, the pollutant load caused by wet/dry weather overflow was quantified. The results revealed that there was no obvious advantage of having SSSs over CSSs in terms of pollutant control. The serious pollution caused by illicit connections and insufficient management occurs in many cities in China. The performance assessment of separate and CSSs in Shanghai and Hefei provides important lessons and practical experience that can be applied to the construction and management of urban drainage system in China as well as other developing countries.

Nowcasting of rainfall and of combined sewage flow in urban drainage systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Achleitner ◽  
Stefan Fach ◽  
Thomas Einfalt ◽  
Wolfgang Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Urban Drainage Systems ◽  
The City

Nowcasting of rainfall may be used additionally to online rain measurements to optimize the operation of urban drainage systems. Uncertainties quoted for the rain volume are in the range of 5% to 10% mean square error (MSE), where for rain intensities 45% to 75% MSE are noted. For larger forecast periods up to 3 hours, the uncertainties will increase up to some hundred percents. Combined with the growing number of real time control concepts in sewer systems, rainfall forecast is used more and more in urban drainage systems. Therefore it is of interest how the uncertainties influence the final evaluation of a defined objective function. Uncertainty levels associated with the forecast itself are not necessarily transferable to resulting uncertainties in the catchment's flow dynamics. The aim of this paper is to analyse forecasts of rainfall and specific sewer output variables. For this study the combined sewer system of the city of Linz in the northern part of Austria located on the Danube has been selected. The city itself represents a total area of 96 km2 with 39 municipalities connected. It was found that the available weather radar data leads to large deviations in the forecast for precipitation at forecast horizons larger than 90 minutes. The same is true for sewer variables such a CSO overflow for small sub-catchments. Although the results improve for larger spatial scales, acceptable levels at forecast horizons larger than 90 minutes are not reached.

Comprehensive Planning of Urban Drainage and Wastewater Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Dirk-Th Kollatsch
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Pollution Impacts

For upgrading the urban drainage system (UDS) the reduction of pollution impacts is the priority task concerning the environmental protection of the receiving waters. With simulation models the interactions between surface, sewer systems, overflow structures and treatment facilities within the UDS can be shown. Models to simulate the pollutant impacts, transport and the effects on the receiving waters are available. In a first step a pollutant transport model of sewer systems and a model to simulate the wastewater treatment processes are connected. With these models the efficiency of upgrading measures can be checked in all parts of urban drainage systems.

Origins and characteristics of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewer systems: the experimental urban catchment “Le Marais” in Paris

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Gromaire-Mertz ◽  
Ghassan Chebbo ◽  
Mohamed Saad
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Wet Weather Flow ◽  
Different Sources

An experimental urban catchment has been created in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain a description of the pollution of urban wet weather flows at different levels of the combined sewer system, and to estimate the contribution of runoff, waste water and sewer sediments to this pollution. Twenty-two rainfall events were studied from May to October 1996. Dry weather flow was monitored for one week. Roof, street and yard runoff, total flow at the catchment outlet and waste water were analysed for SS, VSS, COD and BOD5, on both total and dissolved fraction. Results show an evolution in the characteristics of wet weather flow from up to downstream: concentrations increase from the catchment entry to the outlet, as well as the proportion of particle-bound pollutants and the part of organic matter. A first evaluation of the different sources of pollution establishes that a major part of wet weather flow pollution originates from inside the combined sewer, probably through erosion of sewer sediments.

Sediment transport under dry weather conditions in a small sewer system

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Flemming Schlütter ◽  
Kjeld Schaarup-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Initial Results

Increased knowledge of the processes which govern the transport of solids in sewers is necessary in order to develop more reliable and applicable sediment transport models for sewer systems. Proper validation of these are essential. For that purpose thorough field measurements are imperative. This paper renders initial results obtained in an ongoing case study of a Danish combined sewer system in Frejlev, a small town southwest of Aalborg, Denmark. Field data are presented concerning estimation of the sediment transport during dry weather. Finally, considerations on how to approach numerical modelling is made based on numerical simulations using MOUSE TRAP (DHI 1993).

scholarly journals Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez ◽  
F. Javier Martínez-Solano ◽  
Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey ◽  
Daniel Mora-Melia ◽  
Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Extreme Rain ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
The Cost

A problem for drainage systems managers is the increase in extreme rain events that are increasing in various parts of the world. Their occurrence produces hydraulic overload in the drainage system and consequently floods. Adapting the existing infrastructure to be able to receive extreme rains without generating consequences for cities’ inhabitants has become a necessity. This research shows a new way to improve drainage systems with minimal investment costs, using for this purpose a novel methodology that considers the inclusion of hydraulic control elements in the network, the installation of storm tanks and the replacement of pipes. The presented methodology uses the Storm Water Management Model for the hydraulic analysis of the network and a modified Genetic Algorithm to optimize the network. In this algorithm, called the Pseudo-Genetic Algorithm, the coding of the chromosomes is integral and has been used in previous studies of hydraulic optimization. This work evaluates the cost of the required infrastructure and the damage caused by floods to find the optimal solution. The main conclusion of this study is that the inclusion of hydraulic controls can reduce the cost of network rehabilitation and decrease flood levels.

scholarly journals The Relevance of Grated Inlets within Surface Drainage Systems in the Field of Urban Flood Resilience. A Review of Several Experimental and Numerical Simulation Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7189
Author(s):  
Beniamino Russo ◽  
Manuel Gómez Valentín ◽  
Jackson Tellez-Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Surface Drainage ◽  
Intense Storm

Urban drainage networks should be designed and operated preferably under open channel flow conditions without flux return, backwater, or overflows. In the case of extreme storm events, urban pluvial flooding is generated by the excess of surface runoff that could not be conveyed by pressurized sewer pipes, due to its limited capacity or, many times, due to the poor efficiency of surface drainage systems to collect uncontrolled overland flow. Generally, the hydraulic design of sewer systems is addressed more for underground networks, neglecting the surface drainage system, although inadequate inlet spacings and locations can cause dangerous flooding with relevant socio-economic impacts and the interruption of critical services and urban activities. Several experimental and numerical studies carried out at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) and other research institutions demonstrated that the hydraulic efficiency of inlets can be very low under critical conditions (e.g., high circulating overland flow on steep areas). In these cases, the hydraulic efficiency of conventional grated inlets and continuous transverse elements can be around 10–20%. Their hydraulic capacity, expressed in terms of discharge coefficients, shows the same criticism with values quite far from those that are usually used in several project practice phases. The grate clogging phenomenon and more intense storm events produced by climate change could further reduce the inlets’ performance. In this context, in order to improve the flood urban resilience of our cities, the relevance of the hydraulic behavior of surface drainage systems is clear.

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