Microbiology of domestic wastes. I. Physiological activity of bacteria indigenous to lagoon operation as a function of seasonal change

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvest Halvorson ◽  
M. Ishaque ◽  
H. Lees
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Biodegradable Detergent

The physiological activity of bacteria indigenous to a mid-continental domestic wastes disposal unit (lagoon) was studied over a period extending from mid-May to the beginning of December, 1965. A rigorous climate induces a layer of ice over the lagoon for approximately 5 months of the year; this study entailed the interval under ice-free conditions during the first year of operation. Samples were collected roughly at weekly intervals and the activity of the bacteria free of algae was studied against several arbitrarily selected organic substrates. The activity was found to be a function of (a) the number of bacteria, (b) the temperature of the lagoon, and (c) the nature of the test substrate. The most rapid rates of oxidation occurred with casamino acids, acetate, and palmitate. Glucose, egg albumin, and Liqui-nox, a biodegradable detergent, were oxidized in a variable manner. Maximum activity occurred at 23 °C, the highest temperature reached by the lagoon during the summer. The rates of oxidation decreased markedly when the temperature decreased as a result of the onset of fall but all activities were not affected equally by the same temperature change.

Microbiology of domestic wastes. II. A comparative study of the seasonal physiological activity of bacteria indigenous to a sewage lagoon

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvest Halvorson ◽  
M. Ishaque ◽  
H. Lees
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Lagoon Water ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Casamino Acids

A comparative study was made of the physiological activity of bacteria seasonally present in a sewage lagoon which experiences warm summers and very cold winters. Bacteria recovered from surface samples of lagoon water during summer were able to metabolize glucose, acetate, palmitate, creatinine, vitamin-free casamino acids, egg albumin, and urea aerobically at 25 °C, the highest prevailing temperature of the lagoon during summer. Under anaerobic conditions, acetate and palmitate were the only substrates not metabolized. Bacteria recovered from samples of lagoon water taken during winter were able to metabolize aerobically glucose, acetate, palmitate, creatinine, and urea at 2 °C, the prevailing temperature of lagoon water under ice cover, but casamino acids and egg albumin were not metabolized aerobically at 2 °C or 25 °C. Acetate, palmitate, casamino acids, and egg albumin were not metabolized anaerobically by bacteria in winter samples. Urea was hydrolyzed much more rapidly by bacteria in winter samples than by those present in summer samples and is probably the preferred nitrogen source for growth under winter conditions. The optimum pH for oxidation of acetate and casamino acids by bacteria in summer samples was 7.0; only 50% of the maximum activity was obtained at pH 9.0, virtually the highest pH that was found in the lagoon under natural conditions.The results show that bacteria active at low temperatures contribute appreciably to the stabilization of domestic wastes by the lagooning method even under severe winter conditions.

scholarly journals Prospects of Biocatalyst Purification Enroute Fermentation Processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bamitale Osho ◽  
Sarafadeen Olateju Kareem
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation ◽  
Sodom Apple ◽  
Microbial Agents

Biotransformation of broth through fermentation process suffers a major setback when it comes to disintegration of organic substrates by microbial agents for industrial applications. These biocatalysts are in crude/dilute form hence needs to be purified to remove colloidal particles and enzymatic impurities thus enhancing maximum activity. Several contractual procedures of concentrating dilute enzymes and proteins had been reported. Such inorganic materials include ammonium sulphate precipitation; salting, synthetic polyacrylic acid; carboxy-methyl cellulose, tannic acid, edible gum and some organic solvents as precipitants etc. The emergence of organic absorbents such as sodom apple (Calostropis procera) extract, activated charcoal and imarsil had resulted in making significant impact in industrial circle. Various concentrations of these organic extracts have been used as purifying agents on different types of enzyme vis: lipase, amylase, protease, cellulase etc. Purification fold and stability of the enzyme crude form attained unprecedented results.

Rhabdothermus arcticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Thermaceae isolated from a hydrothermal vent chimney in the Soria Moria vent field on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2197-2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn O. Steinsbu ◽  
Brian J. Tindall ◽  
Vigdis L. Torsvik ◽  
Ingunn H. Thorseth ◽  
Frida L. Daae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Mid Ocean Ridge ◽  
The Family ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Ocean Ridge ◽  
Complex Organic ◽  
Acetate Butyrate

A novel thermophilic member of the family Thermaceae, designated strain 2M70-1T, was isolated from the wall of an active white smoker chimney collected in the Soria Moria vent field at 71 °N in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea. Cells of the strain were Gram-negative, non-motile rods. Growth was observed at 37–75 °C (optimum 65 °C), at pH 6–8 (optimum pH 7.3) and in 1–5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5–3.5 %). The isolate was aerobic but could also grow anaerobically using nitrate or elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. The strain was obligately heterotrophic, growing on complex organic substrates like yeast extract, Casamino acids, tryptone and peptone. Pyruvate, acetate, butyrate, sucrose, rhamnose and maltodextrin were used as complementary substrates. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68 mol%. Cells possessed characteristic phospholipids and glycolipids. Major fatty acids constituted saturated and unsaturated iso-branched and saturated anteiso-branched forms. Menaquinone 8 was the sole respiratory lipoquinone. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the strain in the family Thermaceae in the phylum ‘Deinococcus–Thermus’, which is consistent with the chemotaxonomic data. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain 2M70-1T ( = JCM 15963T  = DSM 22268T) represents the type strain of a novel species of a novel genus, for which the name Rhabdothermus arcticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

scholarly journals Role of PPARαin the Control of Torpor through FGF21-NPY Pathway: From Circadian Clock to Seasonal Change in Mammals

PPAR Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Transcriptional Regulator ◽  
Lipid Catabolism ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Central Clock ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

In nature, hibernating animals encounter fasting, cold temperature and short day seasonally. Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually characterized by a reduced body temperature and rate of metabolism to adapt such a severe environment. Ablation of the central clock synchronizer, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in brain, abolishes torpor, a hibernation-like state, implicating the circadian clock involved in this seasonal change. Biologists knows well the energy source of daily heterotherms/hibernators changed from glucose to lipids in winter. Here we review several lines of evidence of a master transcriptional regulator in lipid catabolism, PPARα, in the control of torpor through FGF21-NPY pathway. This indicate the importance of circadian—and photoperiod—regulation of PPARαto tell seasons in our body.

scholarly journals On the Eclipse Plumage of the Mallard (Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha)

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-447
Author(s):  
ARTHUR WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
First Year ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Feather Follicle ◽  
Second Year

The eclipse plumage of the male mallard (Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha) which normally appears in June and July has been produced prematurely in February and March by subjecting the birds to artificial light in addition to normal daylight. Castration of male mallards did not prevent the assumption of eclipse in the first year but did so in the second year. Regenerated tissue was not found. It is concluded that the eclipse plumage is not caused by the direct action of a testicular hormone on the feather follicle, but that removal of the testis sooner or later produces an effect on some other endocrine organ or organs which consequently ceases to be sensitive to seasonal change (light) or fails to produce the hormones which bring about eclipse.

scholarly journals NUMBER OF PHOSPHATE-MOBILIZING BACTERIA AND PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF SPRING BARLEY PLANTS RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL UNDER THE ACTION OF FERTILIZERS AND MIKROHUMIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
L. M. Tokmakova ◽  
A. O. Trepach ◽  
O. P. Lepeha
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Biological Agent ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhizospheric Soil ◽  
Agent Interaction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Agent

In the conditions of field stationary experiment on leached black soil the number of bacteria that dissolve organic forms of phosphates was studied, as well as phosphatase activity of spring barley plants rhizospheric soil under the action of fertilizers and microbial agent Mikrohumin. It was found that the studied parameters are positively affected by the introduction of fertilizers into the soil in the amounts not exceeding N60P60K60. Effective is also the first year aftereffect of 40 t/ha of manure. The application of Mikrohumin enables the increase of phosphate-mobilizing bacteria and phosphatase activity of rhizospheric soil in all options of the experiment. When assessing the impact of fertilizers and biological agent interaction on crop performance the perspective of mentioned agricultural backgrounds was shown.

scholarly journals Rumen-Reticular Temperature During Estrus and Ovulation Using Automated Activity Monitors in Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Burnett ◽  
Manveen Kaur ◽  
Liam Polsky ◽  
Ronaldo L. A. Cerri
Keyword(s):  
High Activity ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Low Activity

This study aimed to determine changes in rumen-reticular temperature (RRT) at estrus or ovulation and determine if these changes are associated with the intensity of estrous expression. Cows were equipped with an automated activity monitor (AAM) and a rumen-reticular bolus thermometer. A total of 190 estrus episodes were used where physical activity data was recorded using the AAM and ovulation was determined via ultrasonography of the ovaries at alert and twice daily, for a maximum of 60 h. Estrous expression was assessed using the maximum activity and duration in which activity remained above the AAM threshold; both characteristics were categorized using the median. Temperature data was collected for the duration of estrus, as well as for the interval of time where ovulation was determined to occur. Three measures of temperature were calculated: (1) positive area under the curve (AUC), (2) maximum positive temperature change (PTC), (3) maximum negative temperature change (NTC) at estrus (AUCE/ PTCE/ NTCE) and around ovulation (AUCO/PTCO/ NTCO). Both AUC and PTC were greater during estrus than around ovulation (2.7 ± 0.2 and 1.1 ± 0.3°C2 for AUCE and AUCO; 0.55 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.04°C for PTCE and PTCO, respectively). In contrast, NTC was lower around ovulation than estrus (−0.28 ± 0.05 and −0.60 ± 0.06°C for NTCE and NTCO). Cows with greater estrous expression had greater AUC and PTC during estrus than around ovulation, but cows with lesser estrous expression had similar AUC and PTC. Increases in AUC [High THI (Temperature Humidity Index): High activity: 4.7 ± 0.5, Low activity: 1.5 ± 0.4; Low THI: High activity: 3.1 ± 0.2, Low activity: 1.4 ± 0.2 °C2] and PTC (High THI: High activity: 0.79 ± 0.08, Low activity: 0.36 ± 0.07; Low THI: High activity: 0.60 ± 0.04, Low activity: 0.47 ± 0.04°C) associated with estrous expression were found to be greater on days with higher THI. Alerts created using standard deviations from the mean were unable to detect estrus or ovulation with acceptable precision. Further research is required to determine how changes in RRT can be used successfully to predict estrus and ovulation.

scholarly journals Thermococcus nautili sp. nov., a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a hydrothermal deep-sea vent

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_5) ◽  
pp. 1802-1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurore Gorlas ◽  
Olivier Croce ◽  
Jacques Oberto ◽  
Emilie Gauliard ◽  
Patrick Forterre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Casamino Acids

Thermococcus nautili, strain 30-1T (formerly reported as Thermococcus nautilus), was isolated from a hydrothermal chimney sample collected from the East Pacific Rise at a depth of 2633 m on the ‘La chainette PP57’ area. Cells were motile, irregular cocci with a polar tuft of flagella (0.8–1.5 µm) and divided by constriction. The micro-organism grew optimally at 87.5 °C (range 55–95 °C), at pH 7 (range pH 4–9) and with 2 % NaCl (range 1–4 %). Doubling time was 64 min in Zillig’s broth medium under optimal conditions. Growth was strictly anaerobic. It grew preferentially in the presence of elemental sulfur or cystine, which are reduced to H2S, on complex organic substrates such as yeast extract, tryptone, peptone, Casamino acids and casein. Slow growth was observed on starch and pyruvate. Strain 30-1T was resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracyclin (at 100 µg ml−1) but sensitive to kanamycin and rifampicin. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 54 mol%. Strain 30-1T harboured three plasmids named pTN1, pTN2 and pTN3 and produced membrane vesicles that incorporate pTN1 and pTN3. As determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 30-1T is related most closely to Thermococcus sp. AM4 (99.3 % similarity) and Thermococcus gammatolerans DSM 15229T (99.2 %). DNA–DNA hybridization values (in silico) with these two closest relatives were below the threshold value of 70 % (33 % with Thermococcus sp. AM4 and 32 % with T. gammatolerans DSM 15229T) and confirmed that strain 30-1 represents a novel species. On the basis of the data presented, strain 30-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thermococcus , for which the name Thermococcus nautili sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 30-1T ( = CNCM 4275 = JCM 19601).

scholarly journals AN ATTEMPT AT PEPTIC SYNTHESIS OF INSULIN

1933 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Fisher ◽  
D. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Crystalline Insulin ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Repeated Freezing ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. Synthesis of plastein from the products of peptic hydrolysis of small quantities of egg albumin can be demonstrated with amorphous or crystalline pepsin. 2. Synthesis of plastein from the products of peptic hydrolysis of amorphous or crystalline insulin can be demonstrated with amorphous or crystalline pepsin. 3. The plastein synthesised by pepsin from the products of peptic hydrolysis of insulin is physiologically inactive. 4. The plastein formed in the insulin experiments could not be crystallised by the methods used for the crystallisation of insulin. 5. The physiological activity of insulin is not destroyed by repeated freezing (at about –50°C.) and melting of an aqueous or an alcoholic solution of this hormone. 6. No marked decrease in the physiological activity of insulin after incubation at 37°C. with pepsin at pH 4.0, in dilute or concentrated solutions, was detected.

scholarly journals Sleep deprivation, pain and prematurity: a review study

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Cristina Santos de Carvalho Bonan ◽  
João da Costa Pimentel Filho ◽  
Rosana Maria Tristão ◽  
José Alfredo Lacerda de Jesus ◽  
Dioclécio Campos Junior
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
First Year ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Care Environment ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Brain

The aim was to describe current reports in the scientific literature on sleep in the intensive care environment and sleep deprivation associated with painful experiences in premature infant. A systematic search was conducted for studies on sleep, pain, premature birth and care of the newborn. Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, VHL and SciELO databases were consulted. The association between sleep deprivation and pain generates effects that are observed in the brain and the behavioral and physiological activity of preterm infants. Polysomnography in intensive care units and pain management in neonates allow comparison with the first year of life and term infants. We have found few references and evidence that neonatal care programs can influence sleep development and reduce the negative impact of the environment. This evidence is discussed from the perspective of how hospital intervention can improve the development of premature infants.

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