Modification of the exogenous carbon and nitrogen requirements for chlamydospore germination of Fusarium solani by contact with soil

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 999-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Axenic Conditions ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination ◽  
Exogenous Nitrogen

After exogenous carbon-independent macroconidium germination by Fusarium solani at 1 × 104 conidia/ml in axenic culture, chlamydospores were formed terminally on germ tubes. Low chlamydospore germination was supported under axenic conditions by 0.004 ng C/spore (calculated value), supplied as ethanol, or by 0.04 ng C/spore, supplied as glucose or several other sugars. Chlamydospores in direct contact with a nonsterile loamy fine sand soil (6.2 μg NH4+-N and 7.1 μg NO3−-N/g soil) had a greater exogenous carbon requirement and did not germinate until 2.0 ng glucose-C/spore was supplied. Supplemental exogenous nitrogen, added as NH4Cl, had little or no influence on percentage of germination at the levels of exogenous carbon supporting low germination, both in soil and in axenic culture. However, increasing the amounts of glucose plus NH4Cl supplied per spore increased percentage of chlamydospore germination more than increasing the amount of glucose alone for both soil and axenic systems. In axenic culture, complete germination was observed at 2.0 ng C plus 0.13 ng N/spore. Greater than 90% germination occurred for chlamydospores in contact with soil at the highest glucose plus NH4Cl level examined (200 ng C plus 13 ng N/spore), but not in glucose alone. Sterile acid-washed sand did not have a similar adverse effect on chlamydospore germination. Chlamydospores were nearly 100% germinable after 1 year of incubation in an inorganic salts medium under axenic conditions.

Exogenous carbon and nitrogen requirements for chlamydospore germination by Fusarium solani: dependence on spore density

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1366-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination ◽  
Exogenous Nitrogen ◽  
Exogenous Source

Chlamydospores were formed on germ tubes of macroconidia of F. solani after germination at 3 × 105 conidia/ml in an inorganic salt solution (pH 5.7) containing glucose (40 μg C/ml) plus NH4Cl (2.6 μg N/ml), and at 3 × 103 conidia/ml in salt solution containing no glucose or NH4Cl. After 5 days, chlamydospores formed in the low conidial density system required an exogenous source of carbon for high germination, whereas chlamydospores formed in the high conidial density system required both exogenous carbon and nitrogen for high germination. Chlamydospores formed in the high conidial density system did not require exogenous nitrogen for high germination when the spore density (chlamydospores plus some ungerminated conidia) was reduced from 3 × 105 to 3 × 104 spores/ml; high germination was observed at 3 × 103 spores/ml in the absence of both exogenous carbon and nitrogen.

Carbon and nitrogen requirements for macroconidial germination of Fusarium solani: dependence on conidial density

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Germ Tube Length ◽  
Germ Tubes

Washed, PGA-grown macroconidia of F. solani did not require exogenous carbon or nitrogen for rapid (within 7 h), complete germination in a phosphate-buffered inorganic salts medium (pH 5.7) when the density of conidia was 3 × 103/ml or 3 × 102/ml. Rapid germination of macroconidia was fully dependent on exogenous carbon at 3 × 105 conidia/ml. Full dependence on both exogenous carbon and nitrogen was observed near 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Incomplete and slow germination of macroconidia was observed over 978 h at 6.4 × 105 and 3.2 × 105 conidia/ml in the absence of exogenous carbon and nitrogen.When glucose and NH4Cl were supplied at 4.0 μg C plus 0.26 μg N/ml or 40 μg C plus 2.6 μg N/ml, percentage germination of macroconidia, number of germ tubes/macroconidium, and mean germ tube length increased as the density of conidia decreased between 6.4 × 105 and 6.4 × 104 conidia/ml. Percentage germination increased as conidial density decreased between 3.1 × 106 and 3.1 × 104 conidia/ml when glucose and NH4Cl were supplied at each density at constant low amounts/conidium. Chlamydo–spore morphogenesis on germ tubes closely followed macroconidial germination in media initially containing low or no glucose and NH4Cl. The possible relation of these findings to macroconidial germination and chlamydospore morphogenesis in soil is discussed.

scholarly journals Bio-Guided Isolation of Antimalarial Metabolites from the Coculture of Two Red Sea Sponge-Derived Actinokineospora and Rhodococcus spp.

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Hani A. Alhadrami ◽  
Bathini Thissera ◽  
Marwa H. A. Hassan ◽  
Fathy A. Behery ◽  
Che Julius Ngwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Chemical Signalling ◽  
Axenic Conditions

Coculture is a productive technique to trigger microbes’ biosynthetic capacity by mimicking the natural habitats’ features principally by competition for food and space and interspecies cross-talks. Mixed cultivation of two Red Sea-derived actinobacteria, Actinokineospora spheciospongiae strain EG49 and Rhodococcus sp. UR59, resulted in the induction of several non-traced metabolites in their axenic cultures, which were detected using LC–HRMS metabolomics analysis. Antimalarial guided isolation of the cocultured fermentation led to the isolation of the angucyclines actinosporins E (1), H (2), G (3), tetragulol (5) and the anthraquinone capillasterquinone B (6), which were not reported under axenic conditions. Interestingly, actinosporins were previously induced when the axenic culture of the Actinokineospora spheciospongiae strain EG49 was treated with signalling molecule N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GluNAc); this finding confirmed the effectiveness of coculture in the discovery of microbial metabolites yet to be discovered in the axenic fermentation with the potential that could be comparable to adding chemical signalling molecules in the fermentation flask. The isolated angucycline and anthraquinone compounds exhibited in vitro antimalarial activity and good biding affinity against lysyl-tRNA synthetase (PfKRS1), highlighting their potential developability as new antimalarial structural motif.

scholarly journals Updated Characterization of Races of Plasmopara halstedii and Entomopathogenic Fungi as Endophytes of Sunflower Plants in Axenic Culture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Pedro Miranda-Fuentes ◽  
Ana B. García-Carneros ◽  
Leire Molinero-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Plasmopara Halstedii ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Axenic Conditions ◽  
Highly Virulent

The management of downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) in sunflower, is heavily dependent on genetic resistance, whilst entomopathogenic fungi (EF) can reduce other sunflower diseases. In this work, we characterized P. halstedii from Spain and other countries collected in the past few years. Twenty-three races were identified (the most frequent in Spain being 310, 304, 705 and 715), with an increasing proportion of highly virulent races. Five isolates from countries other than Spain overcame the resistance in RHA-340. In addition, we assessed the efficacy of five EF against downy mildew and their effects on sunflower growth in axenic conditions. None of the entomopathogens reduced disease severity, nor did they have any effect on plant growth when applied together with P. halstedii. In contrast, three EF reduced some of the plant growth variables in the absence of the pathogen. Microbiological and molecular diagnostics suggest that the axenic system and the short experimental time used in this study did not favor the successful establishment of EF in the plants or their potential biocontrol effect. Our results show a shift in P. halstedii racial patterns and suggest that soil as a growth substrate and long infection times are needed for EF effectiveness against downy mildew.

Adsorption, Desorption, and Leaching of Nitrofen and Oxyfluorfen

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omosuyi Fadayomi ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The adsorption of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and oxyfluorfen [2-cholor-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] from aqueous solution by muck soil, and by kaolinite and bentonite saturated with hydrogen or calcium ions, was studied using14C-labeled herbicides. Both compounds were readily adsorbed from solution by muck soil and Ca- and H-Al-bentonite but only slightly by Ca- and H-Al-kaolinite. Very little of the adsorbed compounds was desorbed after four extractions with distilled water. A bioactivity study using sorghum seedlings (Sorghum bicolorL. ‘RS610′) was conducted with the herbicides in a silica sand medium amended with 1% (w/w) of the various adsorbents. The herbicides were strongly inactivated by muck soil but there was very little inactivation by the clays. There was essentially no movement of either herbicide through 5-cm columns of a silt loam soil and a fine sand soil.

Roles of low pH, carbon and inorganic nitrogen source use in chlamydospore formation by Fusarium solani

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1381-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen Source ◽  
Chlamydospore Formation ◽  
Sudan Iii ◽  
Source Use ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Citrate Phosphate

Citrate and malate were poorer sources of exogenous carbon than several hexose, pentose, or disaccharide sugars for supporting macroconidial germination by Fusarium solani at high conidial density (1 × 105 conidia/ml). Only citrate, however, failed to block chlamydospore morphogenesis to a degree comparable to glucose or other readily used sugars. Mostly immature chlamydospores were formed in the presence of citrate. At low conidial density (5 × 103 conidia/ml), exogenous carbon-independent macroconidial germination and subsequent rapid chlamydospore formation on germ tubes was not inhibited by ammonium or nitrate nitrogen. The citrate–phosphate buffered, low pH (4.0) medium of Cochrane induced more immature chlamydospore formation by F. solani than a pH 6.0 medium, but few mature chlamydospores were formed in either medium. Condensation of hyphal cytoplasm into developing chlamydospores, a character typical of chlamydospore formation, did not occur extensively and macroconidia, hyphae, and immature chlamydospores stained deeply with Sudan III, suggesting lipid biosynthesis. This inhibition of chlamydospore maturation may be due partly to nitrogen deficiency imposed by the high C: N ratio of the medium and to the presence of citrate. Only vesiculate hyphal cells were formed by F. solani f. sp. phaseoli in both media.Field soils to which the clone of F. solani used is indigenous had mean pH values ranging from 5.2 to 6.0.

Germination–lysis as a mechanism for biological control of Thielaviopsis basicola pathogenic on soybean

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (13) ◽  
pp. 1499-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sneh ◽  
B. F. Holdaway ◽  
G. R. Hooper ◽  
J. L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination

Amending soil with alfalfa hay or other dried, green plant residues stimulated chlamydospore germination of Thielaviopsis basicola. Within 3 to 6 days the germ tubes lysed resulting in the decline in viable chlamydospores and of disease severity of soybean seedlings planted in amended soil. When chlamydospores were added immediately after the amendment, maximum germination was recorded after 2 days. The number of spores with germ tubes declined to zero after 6 days as a result of lysis. Incubation of alfalfa in soil for 1 or more days before chlamydospores were added reduced or nullified the effect of the amendment. Water-soluble substances from alfalfa hay, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids, were more stimulatory and caused greater decline in chlamydospore population than ether or chloroform-methanol-soluble substances.

scholarly journals Substrate Nutrient Retention and Growth of Container-grown Plants in Clinoptilolitic Zeolite-amended Substrates

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Sand Soil

Downy jasmines [Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr.] and areca palms [Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf.] were grown in containers filled with a fine sand soil (SS) or with a pine bark-based potting substrate (PS). Each of these substrates was amended with 0%, 10%, or 20% clinoptilolitic zeolite (CZ) by volume. Plants were fertilized monthly with a water-nonsoluble 20N-4.3P-16.6K granular fertilizer. Downy jasmines were larger and had darker color in CZ-amended PS and were larger in CZ-amended SS than in nonamended SS or PS. Areca palms, which tend to be limited by K in SS had better color and larger size when the SS was amended with CZ. In PS, where K is seldom limiting, areca palms did not respond to CZ amendment of the PS. Both ammonium (NH4)-N and potassium (K) were retained against leaching by CZ, but some of the NH4-N adsorbed to CZ was subject to nitrification, either before or after its release into the soil solution. Some phosphate (PO4)-P was also retained by CZ.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on phosphorus in two soils of different organic matter content: I Changes of native and applied phosphorus in incubation experiment 

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-354
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Incubation Experiment ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Water Soluble P ◽  
Buffering Power ◽  
Soluble P

The effect of increasing lime quantities on reactions of native and applied P was investigated in an incubation experiment performed with two acid mineral soils of pH 4.8 (CaCl2). The soil samples differed considerably in the content of organic matter, which was reflected in their pH buffering power: in the fine sand, rich in organic matter (6.4 % org. C), liming raised the pH less than in the muddy fine sand (3.0 % org. C). The level of native water-soluble P was markedly lowered in the incubated soil samples treated with nutrient salts. In the muddy fine sand, the decrease tended to be the smaller, whereas in the fine sand the greater, the more intensive liming was. This held true also of added P. The changes in CHANG and JACKSON’s P fractions did not alone satisfactorily explain the dissimilar response of soil P to lime treatments. The fate of P was concluded to be controlled by the quality and quantity of Al species differing in their affinity for P sorption. The changes in the solubility of P are a net result of processes enhancing and of those depressing the sorption tendency. In the fine sand soil of high initial content of water-soluble P, the detrimental effect of liming seemed to be attributed to the abundance of polymerized Al the affinity of which for P retention increased with intensified liming. Further, the high pH buffering power of this soil reduced the efficiency of lime to produce OH- ions able to compete with phosphate for sorption sites. In the muddy fine sand soil, on the contrary, the formation of sorption-active sites was not equally marked and, owing to the weaker pH buffering, liming raised the OH- concentration more effectively.

scholarly journals Water Movement in the Root Zone of Strawberry Grown with Plasticulture

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 856D-857
Author(s):  
Eric Simonne* ◽  
John Duval ◽  
David Studstill
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Lateral Width ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Visualizing the effect of irrigation volume on water movement in and below the root zone of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) plants may be used to determine when to split irrigation. By injecting blue dye (Terramark SPI High Concentrate) during controlled irrigation events with several drip tapes commonly used by area growers, the objectives of this project were to: (1) determine vertical, lateral and longitudinal movements of wetted zones applied by drip irrigation on a Seffner fine sand soil; (2) describe the shape of the wetted zone for increasing irrigation volumes; and (3) determine the irrigation after which water moves below the root zone. Dye tests consisted in preparing mulched beds with different drip tapes (7 total), injecting dye, irrigating with the selected volume of water (V), digging longitudinal and transverse sections of the raised beds, and taking measurements of vertical (depth; D), lateral (width; W) and longitudinal (L) water movement. Increasing V from 279 to 3353 L/100 m, significantly increased D, W and L. Depth and W responses to V were D = 0.19 V + 26.1 (R2 = 0.80), and W = 0.36 V + 13.5 (R2 = 0.78). Emitter-to-emitter coverage occurred after 4 hours for 30-cm spacing. Based on expected root depths of 20 cm when the strawberry plants are young and 30 cm when they are fully grown, largest V before water moved below the root zone were 325 and 870 L/100 m, which corresponds to typical irrigation times of 1 and 3 hours, respectively. Greater irrigation volumes may reduce water use efficiency and increase the risk of nutrient leaching below the root zone.

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