Exogenous carbon and nitrogen requirements for chlamydospore germination by Fusarium solani: dependence on spore density

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1366-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination ◽  
Exogenous Nitrogen ◽  
Exogenous Source

Chlamydospores were formed on germ tubes of macroconidia of F. solani after germination at 3 × 105 conidia/ml in an inorganic salt solution (pH 5.7) containing glucose (40 μg C/ml) plus NH4Cl (2.6 μg N/ml), and at 3 × 103 conidia/ml in salt solution containing no glucose or NH4Cl. After 5 days, chlamydospores formed in the low conidial density system required an exogenous source of carbon for high germination, whereas chlamydospores formed in the high conidial density system required both exogenous carbon and nitrogen for high germination. Chlamydospores formed in the high conidial density system did not require exogenous nitrogen for high germination when the spore density (chlamydospores plus some ungerminated conidia) was reduced from 3 × 105 to 3 × 104 spores/ml; high germination was observed at 3 × 103 spores/ml in the absence of both exogenous carbon and nitrogen.

Modification of the exogenous carbon and nitrogen requirements for chlamydospore germination of Fusarium solani by contact with soil

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 999-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Axenic Conditions ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination ◽  
Exogenous Nitrogen

After exogenous carbon-independent macroconidium germination by Fusarium solani at 1 × 104 conidia/ml in axenic culture, chlamydospores were formed terminally on germ tubes. Low chlamydospore germination was supported under axenic conditions by 0.004 ng C/spore (calculated value), supplied as ethanol, or by 0.04 ng C/spore, supplied as glucose or several other sugars. Chlamydospores in direct contact with a nonsterile loamy fine sand soil (6.2 μg NH4+-N and 7.1 μg NO3−-N/g soil) had a greater exogenous carbon requirement and did not germinate until 2.0 ng glucose-C/spore was supplied. Supplemental exogenous nitrogen, added as NH4Cl, had little or no influence on percentage of germination at the levels of exogenous carbon supporting low germination, both in soil and in axenic culture. However, increasing the amounts of glucose plus NH4Cl supplied per spore increased percentage of chlamydospore germination more than increasing the amount of glucose alone for both soil and axenic systems. In axenic culture, complete germination was observed at 2.0 ng C plus 0.13 ng N/spore. Greater than 90% germination occurred for chlamydospores in contact with soil at the highest glucose plus NH4Cl level examined (200 ng C plus 13 ng N/spore), but not in glucose alone. Sterile acid-washed sand did not have a similar adverse effect on chlamydospore germination. Chlamydospores were nearly 100% germinable after 1 year of incubation in an inorganic salts medium under axenic conditions.

Behavior of Fusarium roseum 'Sambucinum' under carbon starvation conditions in relation to survival in soil

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffin ◽  
T. Pass
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Carbon Starvation ◽  
Glucose Medium ◽  
Glucose Depletion ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Starvation Conditions ◽  
Exogenous Source

Direct observation of washed macroconidia of F. roseum 'Sambucinum' infested in rewetted soil and incubated at 6 °C indicated that germination increased to 79% at 4 days and increased slowly thereafter. Lysis of germ tubes was inhibited and most germ tubes were not lysed even after 48 days incubation. Small two- or three-celled macroconidia were commonly produced on germ tubes. In contrast, peak germination (39%) occurred at 2 days in rewetted soil incubated at 25 °C with germ tube lysis occurring rapidly between 4 and 8 days. Only sparse sporulation was observed. After 9 months, survival of F. roseum 'Sambucinum' was much greater in soil incubated at 6 °C than at 25 °C.Macroconidia required an exogenous source of carbon for high germination and formed one- or two-celled chlamydosporic macroconidia in media lacking exogenous carbon. After 9 months incubation under carbon starvation conditions at 25 °C chlamydosporic macroconidia had a longer latent period and a much slower rate of germination than macroconidia. Germinated macroconidia formed two- or three-celled macroconidia within 24 h when transferred to media lacking exogenous carbon. Four-celled macroconidia were produced by F. roseum 'Sambucinum' in a dilute glucose medium before exhaustion of the glucose while F. solani 'Coeruleum' formed chlamydospores in this medium after glucose depletion. Behavior of F. roseum 'Sambucinum' under carbon starvation conditions is similar to behavior in rewetted soil in the mode of sporulation and in the formation of chlamydosporic macroconidia, but differs by a lack of appreciable germination and by a greatly reduced lysis of fungal structures.

scholarly journals Effect of Salinity and PH on the Industrial Effluent Treatment by Activated Carbon: Modeling of the Kinetic Adsorption and Equilibrium Isotherms

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Mohamed ◽  
G. Awad ◽  
C. Andriantsiferana ◽  
H. Delmas
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Carbon Modeling

In recent years, interest has been focused on the removal of phenols from contaminated by using a variety of purification techniques. Adsorption of bio-industrial effluent on commercial activated carbon S23 was investigated at ambient conditions. In this wok, phenol and p-hydroxyl benzoic acid (PHBA) was studied as an example of the organic compounds present in the industrial effluent. The effect of temperature, pH, and the presence of inorganic salt NaCl on the pollutants adsorption were studied to give further comprehension of the optimal conditions of the organic compounds adsorption onto activated carbon. It was noted that the increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in phenols adsorption capacity by S23. Lower phenol adsorption was also observed at the solution pH 2 and 10, whereas, favourable adsorption was reached at neutral solution pH, and the coexisting inorganic salt NaCl exerts slightly positive effect on the adsorption process. The isotherms obtained at pH 2.2 and 3.5 (non-buffered solution) are very similar and showed a higher adsorption capacity compared with that obtained at pH 7 and 10 for PHBA which is more adsorbable than phenol. The kinetic of the adsorption processes can be better represented by the pseudo-second order. The results showed also that the total organic carbon (TOC) of the industrial effluent reduced for about 20 %. Freundlich, Langmuir and Jovanovic adsorption models were used for mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium of phenols. The results showed that the experimental data fitted very well to the Freundlich and Jovanovic models.

Germination–lysis as a mechanism for biological control of Thielaviopsis basicola pathogenic on soybean

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (13) ◽  
pp. 1499-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sneh ◽  
B. F. Holdaway ◽  
G. R. Hooper ◽  
J. L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination

Amending soil with alfalfa hay or other dried, green plant residues stimulated chlamydospore germination of Thielaviopsis basicola. Within 3 to 6 days the germ tubes lysed resulting in the decline in viable chlamydospores and of disease severity of soybean seedlings planted in amended soil. When chlamydospores were added immediately after the amendment, maximum germination was recorded after 2 days. The number of spores with germ tubes declined to zero after 6 days as a result of lysis. Incubation of alfalfa in soil for 1 or more days before chlamydospores were added reduced or nullified the effect of the amendment. Water-soluble substances from alfalfa hay, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids, were more stimulatory and caused greater decline in chlamydospore population than ether or chloroform-methanol-soluble substances.

Thermal-assisted gasification injector for analyzing high-salt solution samples: a novel device developed for online coupling of liquid chromatography with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (101) ◽  
pp. 98927-98934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhou ◽  
Shu Liu ◽  
Junpeng Xing ◽  
Fengrui Song ◽  
Zhiqiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Polar Solvent ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Salt Matrix

A thermal-assisted gasification injector was designed for online coupling of liquid-chromatography to direct-analysis-in-real-time mass-spectrometry. The method can be used in analysis with an inorganic salt matrix and weak polar solvent.

Hydrogen Generation of Al-La-Bi Alloy in Aqueous Inorganic Salt Solutions

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-287
Author(s):  
Jian-Bo Liu ◽  
Lei Tang ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Bin Hong Tang ◽  
Xia Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Galvanic Cell ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Decrease Particle Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Special Surface

A method for obtaining hydrogen from Al-La-Bi alloy in different solutions was investigated for the production of inexpensive, pure, and safe hydrogen for micro-fuel cells. The hydrogen generation amount and rate could be regulated by changing composition design or salt solutions. Combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hydrogen generation experiments, the hydrolysis byproduct La(OH)3 and inorganic salt solution stimulated the hydrolysis reaction of Al-La-Bi alloy and water, which was mostly based on micro galvanic cell between Al and Bi in the previous work. Increasing La content led to decrease particle size in the milling process which led to large special surface area and contact area of aluminum and water. Using inorganic salt solution such as Na2SnO3 solution might produce metal Sn which covered on Al surface and functioned as a cathode of a micro galvanic cell. The Al-13 wt%La-10 wt%Bi alloy yielded 1113 ml/g hydrogen with 100 % efficiency with 60 min at 343 K.

scholarly journals Ferrous Iron-Dependent Volatilization of Mercury by the Plasma Membrane of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 3823-3827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Iwahori ◽  
Fumiaki Takeuchi ◽  
Kazuo Kamimura ◽  
Tsuyoshi Sugio
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Resting Cells ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Mercury Volatilization ◽  
Resistant Cells

ABSTRACT Of 100 strains of iron-oxidizing bacteria isolated,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans SUG 2-2 was the most resistant to mercury toxicity and could grow in an Fe2+ medium (pH 2.5) supplemented with 6 μM Hg2+. In contrast, T. ferrooxidans AP19-3, a mercury-sensitive T. ferrooxidans strain, could not grow with 0.7 μM Hg2+. When incubated for 3 h in a salt solution (pH 2.5) with 0.7 μM Hg2+, resting cells of resistant and sensitive strains volatilized approximately 20 and 1.7%, respectively, of the total mercury added. The amount of mercury volatilized by resistant cells, but not by sensitive cells, increased to 62% when Fe2+ was added. The optimum pH and temperature for mercury volatilization activity were 2.3 and 30�C, respectively. Sodium cyanide, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, and silver nitrate strongly inhibited the Fe2+-dependent mercury volatilization activity of T. ferrooxidans. When incubated in a salt solution (pH 3.8) with 0.7 μM Hg2+ and 1 mM Fe2+, plasma membranes prepared from resistant cells volatilized 48% of the total mercury added after 5 days of incubation. However, the membrane did not have mercury reductase activity with NADPH as an electron donor. Fe2+-dependent mercury volatilization activity was not observed with plasma membranes pretreated with 2 mM sodium cyanide. Rusticyanin from resistant cells activated iron oxidation activity of the plasma membrane and activated the Fe2+-dependent mercury volatilization activity of the plasma membrane.

Soil fungistasis: elevation of the exogenous carbon and nitrogen requirements for spore germination by fungistatic volatiles in soils

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1468-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Griffin ◽  
T. S. Hora ◽  
Ralph Baker
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Compound ◽  
Soil Fungistasis

Axenic, washed conidia of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, Aspergillus flavus, and Verticillium albo-atrum were placed on washed Difco purified agar discs along with an inorganic salt solution containing various levels of carbon and nitrogen substrates. These discs were exposed to volatiles from six soils (pH 5.1–8.6). Fusarium solani macroconidial germination was inhibited mostly by volatiles from soils of pH 5.1, 6.1, 7.0, and 7.5, but high levels of glucose and NH4Cl reversed this inhibition, raising germination to that of no-soil, no-carbon or nitrogen controls. Conidial germination of A. flavus was inhibited mainly by volatiles from high pH (7.0, 7.8, and 8.6) soils, and increased levels of glucose plus an amino acid mixture nullified this inhibition. Volatiles from soils of pH 5.1, 6.1, and 7.5 stimulated A. flavus conidial germination. Assays after the removal of CO2 from the air above soil of pH 5.1 demonstrated that volatiles inhibitory to A. flavus were produced by this soil. Assays indicated that a KOH-soluble compound was a fungistatic soil volatile to F. solani macroconidial germination. The nullification by carbon and nitrogen substrates of F. solani and A. flavus inhibition caused by soil volatiles parallels that for soil fungistasis. Conidial germination of V. albo-atrum was markedly stimulated by volatiles in all soils tested, and was not affected by removal of CO2. Inhibitory soil volatiles may increase the nutritional requirements for spore germination of certain fungi.

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