Agrichemical impact on growth and survival of non-target apple phyllosphere microorganisms

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Walter ◽  
Christopher Miles Frampton ◽  
Kirsty Sarah Helen Boyd-Wilson ◽  
Patricia Harris-Virgin ◽  
Nicholas William Waipara
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Population Counts ◽  
The Impact

The impact of conventional agrichemicals commonly used in New Zealand apple production on non-target, culturable phyllosphere microbial populations was studied in the laboratory (agar, leaf, and seedling assays) and field (apple orchard). Morphologically distinct bacteria (three), yeasts (five), and filamentous microfungi (two) were used as indicator species. The agar assay showed that agrichemical toxicity to microorganisms was dependent on product type, product rate, and organism studied. While the fungicides metiram and captan stopped or severely reduced growth of nearly all microorganisms studied, the insecticides tebufenozide and lufenuron and the fungicide nitrothal-isopropyl showed the least amount of microbial toxicity, each affecting 2 of the 10 indicator organisms studied. In the leaf assay a single agrichemical application at field rate either reduced or increased microbial population counts, again depending on product and microorganism. Repeated agrichemical applications, however, reduced microbial population numbers from 10- to 10 000-fold in planta. Further field research validated these findings, although differences in microbial numbers before and after agrichemical applications were less dramatic. In the orchard, total organism numbers recovered within 2–6 days, but species richness (sum of recognizable taxonomic units) declined. Agrichemicals clearly affected non-target, culturable surface microorganisms. The importance of diversity and stability of microbial populations for disease control still needs to be established.Key words: apple, microbial abundance, microbial richness, 6-benzyladenine, buprofezin, captan, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, dithianon, dodine, kresoxim-methyl, lufenuron, metiram, myclobutanil, nitrothal-isopropyl, tebufenozide, triadimefon.

Os efeitos da aprendizagem da esgrima sobre o controle executivo da memória

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel MenezesPaes Rodrigues ◽  
Nilo Terra Arêas Neto
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Field Research ◽  
School Failure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Brazilian Students ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dependent Samples ◽  
Learning And Performance

Treated as one of the biggest challenges in the Brazilian educational system, school failure, despite being multi-causal, is closely linked to learning difficulties associated with aspects of cognition, with special attention to the Executive Control of Memory, which in this study will be represented by the variables: Working Memory (MT), Concentrated Attention (AC) and Motor Reaction Time (TRM). Under neuropsychological aspects, the executive control of memory comprises closely linked phenomena and mechanisms and learning, such as: cognitive flexibility, decision making, attention mechanisms, inhibitory control, selection and integration of current information with information already memorized, in addition to planning and monitoring their own learning and performance. This form of cognitive ability is defined by renowned researchers in the “field” as being preponderant to human learning and performance. Dysfunctions in the executive control of memory are commonly a reflection of innate or non-innate psychopathological issues, may be associated with other comorbidities, and are determinants of school failure in a significant number of Brazilian students. Thus, the main objective of this research project is to verify the impact of the practice of the fighting modality Fencing on the executive control of the memory of students from the public school system, participants of this action research, included in psychopedagogical care for issues related to learning difficulties cognitive. The Field Research technique will be used in this study, with the process of testing the variables under study in moments before and after the intervention with fencing classes. The data obtained in the testing process will be treated in a descriptive statistical perspective. For the inference of the data obtained, the Student T Test for dependent samples will be used. To verify the distribution of data, the Shapiro-Wilk test will be used. As a result, research participants are expected to obtain statistically significant results in the studied variables.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of Surfactant-Driven Microbial Population Shifts in Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 2959-2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Colores ◽  
Richard E. Macur ◽  
David M. Ward ◽  
William P. Inskeep
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Alcohol Ethoxylate ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Mineralization Kinetics ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Parallel Cultivation

ABSTRACT We analyzed the impact of surfactant addition on hydrocarbon mineralization kinetics and the associated population shifts of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in soil. A mixture of radiolabeled hexadecane and phenanthrene was added to batch soil vessels. Witconol SN70 (a nonionic, alcohol ethoxylate) was added in concentrations that bracketed the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in soil (CMC′) (determined to be 13 mg g−1). Addition of the surfactant at a concentration below the CMC′ (2 mg g−1) did not affect the mineralization rates of either hydrocarbon. However, when surfactant was added at a concentration approaching the CMC′ (10 mg g−1), hexadecane mineralization was delayed and phenanthrene mineralization was completely inhibited. Addition of surfactant at concentrations above the CMC′ (40 mg g−1) completely inhibited mineralization of both phenanthrene and hexadecane. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene segments showed that hydrocarbon amendment stimulatedRhodococcus and Nocardia populations that were displaced by Pseudomonas and Alcaligenespopulations at elevated surfactant levels. Parallel cultivation studies revealed that the Rhodococcus population can utilize hexadecane and that the Pseudomonas andAlcaligenes populations can utilize both Witconol SN70 and hexadecane for growth. The results suggest that surfactant applications necessary to achieve the CMC alter the microbial populations responsible for hydrocarbon mineralization.

scholarly journals Impact of phylloplane management on microbial populations

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.W. Waipara ◽  
F.O. Obanor ◽  
M. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Leaf Sample ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Organic Orchards

The impact of apple orchard management on leaf microbial populations was investigated during the 2001/2002 growing season Apple leaves were collected in spring and autumn from two certified organic (BioGro) and IFP (Integrated Fruit Production) managed apple orchards at each of three New Zealand sites (Hawkes Bay Nelson and Canterbury) Phylloplane epiphytes were recovered by leaf washing using a stomacher blender and the microorganisms enumerated using serial plate dilutions The microorganisms were separated into recognisable taxonomic units (RTUs) based on colony morphology Analysis of both spring and autumn samples showed that leaves from all three sites from organic orchards harboured significantly more colony forming units than were found on leaves from IFP orchards Overall population richness (based on RTUs/ leaf sample) was also significantly higher in organic than IFP orchards

scholarly journals Resist or perish: fate of a microbial population subjected to a periodic presence of antimicrobial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loïc Marrec ◽  
Anne-Florence Bitbol
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Population Composition ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Rare Mutations ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe evolution of antimicrobial resistance can be strongly affected by variations of antimicrobial concentration. Here, we study the impact of periodic alternations of absence and presence of antimicrobial on resistance evolution in a microbial population, using a stochastic model that includes variations of both population composition and size, and fully incorporates stochastic population extinctions. We show that fast alternations of presence and absence of antimicrobial are inefficient to eradicate the microbial population and strongly favor the establishment of resistance, unless the antimicrobial increases enough the death rate. We further demonstrate that if the period of alternations is longer than a threshold value, the microbial population goes extinct upon the first addition of antimicrobial, if it is not rescued by resistance. We express the probability that the population is eradicated upon the first addition of antimicrobial, assuming rare mutations. Rescue by resistance can happen either if resistant mutants preexist, or if they appear after antimicrobial is added to the environment. Importantly, the latter case is fully prevented by perfect biostatic antimicrobials that completely stop division of sensitive microorganisms. By contrast, we show that the parameter regime where treatment is efficient is larger for biocidal drugs than for biostatic drugs. This sheds light on the respective merits of different antimicrobial modes of action.Author summaryAntimicrobials select for resistance, which threatens to make antimicrobials useless. Understanding the evolution of antimicrobial resistance is therefore of crucial importance. Under what circumstances are microbial populations eradicated by antimicrobials? Conversely, when are they rescued by resistance? We address these questions employing a stochastic model that incorporates variations of both population composition and size. We consider periodic alternations of absence and presence of antimicrobial, which may model a treatment. We find a threshold period above which the first phase with antimicrobial fully determines the fate of the population. Faster alternations strongly select for resistance, and are inefficient to eradicate the microbial population, unless the death rate induced by the treatment is large enough. For longer alternation periods, we calculate the probability that the microbial population gets eradicated. We further demonstrate the different merits of biostatic antimicrobials, which prevent sensitive microbes from dividing, and of biocidal ones, which kill sensitive microbes.

scholarly journals Petani Cengkeh di Kelurahan Mannanti Sinjai, 1977-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Muh. Summung Awar ◽  
Amirullah Amirullah ◽  
Ahmadin Ahmadin
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Community Leader ◽  
Wage System ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang Petani Cengkeh Di Kelurahan Mannanti (1977-2018) dengan memaparkan latar belakang petani cengkeh, perkembangan cengkeh, serta dampak pada kehidupan sosial ekonomi petani cengkeh di Kelurahan Mannanti tahun 1977-2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang berkembangnya pertanian cengkeh di Kelurahan Mannanti adanya inisiatif sendiri yaitu seorang tokoh masyarakat bernama Gunawang Makkarateng selaku ketua APCI (Asosiasi Petani Cengkeh Indonesia) cabang Kabupaten Sinjai sekaligus petani pertama yang membudidayakan tanaman cengkeh. Adapun perkembangan petani cengkeh tidak terlepas dari tingkat pendapatan cengkeh baik sebelum, saat, dan sesudah diberlakukannya kebijakan pemerintah. Sementara dampak yang ditimbulkan yakni mampu mengubah kehidupan petani sebelum dan sesudah diberlakukan kebijakan pemerintah, yaitu munculnya kalangan haji baru, memiliki prabot rumah tangga seperti Televisi, Kulkas, DVD meja dan kursi tamu, meja makan  dan sebagainya. Tidak ketinggalan pula kendaraan roda empat, dan sepeda motor, dan memiliki lahan pertanian yang luas serta menyekolahkan anaknya sampai di perguruan tinggi. Namun, pada saat diberlakukan kebijakan justru mengecewakan petani akibat harga cengkeh yang rendah. Munculnya juga kalangan elit baru dan kesempatan kerja bagi masyarakat lain dengan adanya sistem upah. Maka dapat di simpulkan bahwa petani cengkeh di Kelurahan Mannanti Kabupaten Sinjai (1977-2018) sebelum dan susudah diberlakukan kebijakan mengalami peningkatan. Namun pada saat diberlakukan kebijakan mengalami penurunan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian sejarah yang meliputi heuristik yaitu tahapan pengumpulan data, kritik sumber bertujuan menilai dan menentukan sumber, interpretasi yaitu menafsirkan data dan tahap historiografi atau penyajian atau penulisan sejarah. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara penelitian lapangan terdiri dari wawancara dengan petani cengkeh dan mengumpulkan sumber arsip (arsip kantor kelurahan) serta literatur-literatur  yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. Kata kunci: Petani Cengkeh, Mannanti  AbstractThis study aims to find out about Clove Farmers in Mannanti Village (1977-2018) by describing the background of clove farmers, clove development, and the impact on the socio-economic life of clove farmers in Mannanti Village in 1977-2018. The results of the study showed that the background of the development of clove farming in the Mannanti village was that there was an initiative of its own namely a community leader named Gunawang Makkarateng as chairman of the Sinjai District branch of the Indonesian Clove Farmers Association and the first farmer to cultivate clove plants. The development of clove farmers is inseparable from the level of clove income both before, during, and after the implementation of government policy. While the impact that is caused is able to change the lives of farmers before and after the enactment of government policies, namely the emergence of new hajj groups, having household furniture such as television, refrigerators, DVD tables and guest chairs, dining tables and so on. Do not miss the four-wheeled vehicles, and motorbikes, and have extensive agricultural land and send their children to college. However, when the policy came into effect, it disappointed farmers due to low clove prices. There is also the emergence of new elites and job opportunities for other communities with a wage system. So it can be concluded that the clove farmers in the Mannanti Kelurahan of Sinjai Regency (1977-2018), before and after the policy was enacted, had increased. However, at the time of its enactment the policy has decreased. This study uses a historical research methodology which includes heuristics, namely the stages of data collection, source criticism aimed at assessing and determining the source, interpretation of interpreting the data and historiographic stage or presenting or writing history. The method of data collection is carried out by means of field research consisting of interviews with clove farmers and collecting archival sources (village office archives) as well as literature relating to this research.Keywords: Clove Farmers, Mannanti 

scholarly journals Microbial Decontamination of Beef Carcass Surfaces by Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid, and Trisodium Phosphate Sprays

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Khalid Ibrahim Sallam ◽  
Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Hussein ◽  
Kálmán Imre ◽  
Adriana Morar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Trisodium Phosphate ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Population Counts ◽  
Beef Carcass

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid, (AA) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) spray on the microbiological population of beef carcass surfaces slaughtered in a traditional abattoir in Zagazig, Egypt. Higher microbial populations were determined on the shoulder than on the thigh surfaces, and meat sampling by tissue excision technique yielded significantly higher ( P < 0.01 ) microbial count than swabbing method. The application of LA (2%), AA (2%), and TSP (12%) sprays for 30 seconds significantly ( P < 0.01 ) reduced the microbial population counts on the beef surfaces by 0.9 to 2.2 logs. A complete inhibition of enterococci growth was achieved by LA and AA sprays. In general, LA and AA sprays were more efficient as antimicrobial agents than the TSP spray. Among the studied organisms, enterococci were the most reducible bacteria by LA and AA, followed by Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms, while Staphylococcus aureus being the least. This study also indicated that microbial populations determined on the shoulder were higher than on the thigh surfaces, and meat sampling by tissue excision technique yielded significantly higher ( P < 0.01 ) microbial count than swabbing method.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

“Land fever” and “Bankruptcy”: Social Problems in Hanoi’s Urbanizing Peri-urban Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-562
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Drawn upon field research in two peri-urban villages of Hanoi in 2014 and short re-visits recently, the research examines the widespread of gambling and other social issues in Hanoi’s urbanizing peri-urban communities which happened concurrently with the phenomenon of “land fever,” and at the time local villagers received compensation from land appropriation. The article aims to understand the impact of urbanization on these communities and the interface between urbanization and the increase of social problems. It argues that gambling, drug use, and other social problems have been existing in Vietnamese rural communities long before; however, when urbanization came, some people have higher chances to engage in these activities. Those are villagers who want to transform quickly into entrepreneurs or bosses by joining the “black credit” market and gambling. Together with middle-aged and old farmers who greatly relied on agricultural production and face difficulties in transforming their occupation, they formed the group of losers in the urbanization process. Received 6th January 2019; Revised 26th April 2019; Accepted 15th May 2019

Keynote

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne LIEDTKA
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Lens Design ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The Impact

The value delivered by design thinking is almost always seen to be improvements in the creativity and usefulness of the solutions produced. This paper takes a broader view of the potential power of design thinking, highlighting its role as a social technology for enhancing the productivity of conversations for change across difference. Examined through this lens, design thinking can be observed to aid diverse sets of stakeholders’ abilities to work together to both produce higher order, more innovative solutions and to implement them more successfully. In this way, it acts as a facilitator of the processes of collectives, by enhancing their ability to learn, align and change together. This paper draws on both the author’s extensive field research on the use of design thinking in social sector organizations, as well as on the literature of complex social systems, to discuss implications for both practitioners and scholars interested in assessing the impact of design thinking on organizational performance.

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