Soil respiration in pure and mixed stands of European beech and Norway spruce following removal of organic horizons

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2756-2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Borken ◽  
Fritz Beese
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Beech Stand

Soil respiration was measured in adjacent pure and mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at Solling, Germany. Forest type had a significant effect on soil respiration, which was highest in the pure beech stand and lowest in the pure spruce stand. Both throughfall and soil temperature increased with the proportion of beech. Additionally, microbial respiration and biomass in the organic (O) horizons increased sequentially from the pure spruce to the pure beech stand, suggesting that abiotic and biotic factors enhanced the decomposition of litter under beech. Because the spruce litter decomposition rate was low, carbon (C) stocks of the O horizons increased with the proportion of spruce, from 1.6 to 5.1 kg C·m–2. The removal of the O horizons decreased soil respiration by 31%–45%, indicating a large contribution of the mineral soil and roots to total soil respiration. Turnover times of organic C in the O horizons ranged between 5.5 years in the pure beech stand and 20.6 years in the pure spruce stand. Our results suggest that tree species conversion may alter the turnover of soil organic matter, and thus the sequestration of organic C in the O horizons.

Organic C and nutrients in surface soils from some primary rainforests, derived grasslands and secondary rainforests on the Atherton Tableland in North East Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Maggs ◽  
B Hewett
Keyword(s):  
Metamorphic Rock ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Organic C ◽  
North East ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Labile N

Some long term effects of (a) converting rainforest to grassland, and (b) rainforest regeneration on cleared land were investigated by comparing chemical properties of mineral soil (0-10 cm depth) from beneath primary rainforest, derived grassland and old secondary rainforest. Grasslands and secondary rainforest. were on land cleared at least 50 years ago. The study was undertaken on the Atherton Tableland in north east Queensland using soils formed on basalt, granite and metamorphic rocks. Organic C, kjeldahl N and labile N were 15-50% lower (P < 0.05) beneath grassland than primary rainforest for all soils, and were higher beneath secondary rainforest than grassland. Exchangeable Ca varied in a similar way in basaltic soils but did not differ between vegetation types in the other soils. Extractable Al was lower under grassland than either forest type for soils formed on granite and metamorphic rock. Total and organic P concentrations did not differ between primary forest and grassland, but were lowest under secondary rainforest for soils on metamorphic rock.

scholarly journals Hydrological effects of Norway spruce and European beech on snow cover in a mid-mountain region of the Polana mts., Slovakia / Hydrologický vplyv smreka obyčajného a buka lesného na snehovú pokrývku v stredohorských polohách pohoria poľana na slovensku

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matus Hribik ◽  
Tomas Vida ◽  
Jaroslav Skvarenina ◽  
Jana Skvareninova ◽  
Lubomir Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
Beech Stand

The paper evaluates the results of a 6-year-monitoring of the eco-hydrological influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) forest stands on the hydro-physical properties of snow cover. The experiment was carried out in the artificially regenerated 20-25-year-old forest stands approaching the pole timber stage in the middle mountain region of the Polana Mts. - Biosphere reserve situated at about 600 m a.s.l. during the period of maximum snow supply in winters of years 2004 - -2009. Forest canopy plays a decisive role at both the snow cover duration and spring snow melting and runoff generation. A spruce stand is the poorest of snow at the beginning of winter. High interception of spruce canopy hampers the throughfall of snow to soil. During the same period, the soil surface of a beech stand accumulates greater amount of snow. However, a spruce stand accumulates snow by creating snow heaps during the periods of maximum snow cumulation and stand´s microclimate slows down snow melting. These processes are in detail discussed in the paper. The forest stands of the whole biosphere reserve slow down to a significant extent both the snow cover melting and the spring runoff of the whole watershed.

scholarly journals Drought Stress Reaction of Growth and Δ13C in Tree Rings of European Beech and Norway Spruce in Monospecific Versus Mixed Stands Along a Precipitation Gradient

Forests ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Schäfer ◽  
Thorsten Grams ◽  
Thomas Rötzer ◽  
Aline Feldermann ◽  
Hans Pretzsch
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Precipitation Gradient ◽  
Mixed Stands

Ecosystem carbon accumulation following fallow farmland afforestation with red pine in southern Quebec

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1118-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Sylvie Tremblay ◽  
Catherine Périé ◽  
Guy Prégent
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Vegetation Biomass ◽  
C Stocks

We assessed the organic C stocks and inferred their changes in vegetation biomass, forest floor, and soil using a 50 year chronosequence of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations established on postagricultural fields in southern Quebec, Canada. The data come from soil and tree field surveys carried out in the 1970s in 348 sites. Organic C concentrations were usually measured in three major mineral soil horizons; for the remaining soil horizons, they were estimated using pedotransfer functions. The effect of soil order, drainage, and texture was analysed. Over 22 years, organic C accumulation rates (Mg C·ha–1·year–1) were 1.66 ± 0.03 in vegetation biomass, 0.56 ± 0.07 in forest floor, 0.86 ± 0.47 in loamy soils (0–100 cm), and  –0.18 ± 0.24 in sandy soils (0–100 cm). The greater rate of C accumulation in loamy soils was due to the contribution of the 30–100 cm subsoil layer. The overall net accumulation of organic C in these plantation ecosystems was estimated to 51.4 ± 4.8 Mg C·ha–1 at 22 years. Soils of these plantations acted as a C sink in the first two decades, particularly in loamy soils compared with sandy soils, with no major differences among soil order or drainage.

scholarly journals Landscape-Scale Mixtures of Tree Species are More Effective than Stand-Scale Mixtures for Biodiversity of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichens

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffi Heinrichs ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Martina Mund ◽  
Steffen Boch ◽  
Sabine Budde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Gamma Diversity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Scale Mixtures ◽  
Species Mixtures

Tree species diversity can positively affect the multifunctionality of forests. This is why conifer monocultures of Scots pine and Norway spruce, widely promoted in Central Europe since the 18th and 19th century, are currently converted into mixed stands with naturally dominant European beech. Biodiversity is expected to benefit from these mixtures compared to pure conifer stands due to increased abiotic and biotic resource heterogeneity. Evidence for this assumption is, however, largely lacking. Here, we investigated the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens at the plot (alpha diversity) and at the landscape (gamma diversity) level in pure and mixed stands of European beech and conifer species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, Douglas fir) in four regions in Germany. We aimed to identify compositions of pure and mixed stands in a hypothetical forest landscape that can optimize gamma diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens within regions. Results show that gamma diversity of the investigated groups is highest when a landscape comprises different pure stands rather than tree species mixtures at the stand scale. Species mainly associated with conifers rely on light regimes that are only provided in pure conifer forests, whereas mixtures of beech and conifers are more similar to beech stands. Combining pure beech and pure conifer stands at the landscape scale can increase landscape level biodiversity and conserve species assemblages of both stand types, while landscapes solely composed of stand scale tree species mixtures could lead to a biodiversity reduction of a combination of investigated groups of 7 up to 20%.

Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER BORKEN ◽  
YI-JUN XU ◽  
ERIC A. DAVIDSON ◽  
FRIEDRICH BEESE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Scots Pine Forests

scholarly journals Root length and distribution in the mineral soil of a mixed deciduous forest (experimental forest Aelmoeseneie)

1998 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vande Walle ◽  
S. Willems ◽  
R. Lemeur
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Beech Stand ◽  
Finest Roots

Root  length and root mass were studied in two different forest stands: an  oak-beech and an ash stand, both in the 'Aelmoeseneie' experimental forest at Gontrode, Belgium. In the oak-beech    stand, the length of the finest roots &lt; 1 mm) was significantly higher  than the length of the other    diameter classes (1-2 and 2-5 mm) in the upper 60 cm of the mineral soil.  Because of large    variances, this significance could not be found in the ash forest. In this  ash forest type, the length    of the finest roots in the upper mineral soil layer (0-15 cm) was higher  than all the other lengths,    both considering the vertical root length distribution within the ash plot,  and comparing the ash plot    to the oak-beech stand. For the root mass, only the amount of roots with a  diameter between 2    and 5 mm in the upper mineral soil layer of the ash plot was significantly  higher than the others.    SpecifiC root length (m root/g D.M.) is calculated for both the oak-beech  and the ash plot. These    values can be used to convert biomass data into root length data, which  gives a better indication of    the water uptake capacity of the forest stand.

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