Effects of nitrogen availability on northern red oak seedling growth in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choonsig Kim ◽  
Terry L. Sharik ◽  
Martin F. Jurgensen ◽  
David S. Buckley ◽  
Richard E. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Canopy Removal ◽  
Pine Stands

The nitrogen (N) status and dry weight increment of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.) seedlings in relation to N availability were examined at various levels of canopy cover and understory removal treatments under field conditions in red oak and red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands. Net N mineralization rates over two growing seasons following canopy cover treatments were determined by the in situ buried bag technique. Canopy removal increased N mineralization in both oak and pine stands. Net N mineralization rates were ≈1.2–2.2 times higher in the clearcut and the other partial canopy cover treatments than in the uncut stands. Net N mineralization in the same canopy cover treatments was ≈2–3 times higher in red oak stands than in red pine stands. However, red oak seedlings from the same canopy cover treatments in both stand types had similar dry weight, N concentrations, N content, and N-use efficiency despite differences in soil N availability. The only exception was ≈2 times greater seedling dry weight and N content in the red oak clearcuts compared with the red pine clearcuts. The similarity in seedling performance within partial canopy removal or uncut stands may have been due to limiting factors other than N in the red oak stands. Red oak seedlings from litter removal treatments within the clearcuts had significantly higher N-use efficiency than those from the herb and shrub removal treatments. These results suggest that (i) canopy manipulation increases soil N availability; (ii) increases in dry weight and N uptake by red oak seedlings when forest canopies are completely removed are due, in part, to increased available soil N; (iii) red oak seedling response to soil N availability resulting from no or only partial canopy removal may be the same in different stand types (e.g., red oak vs. red pine) because factors other than N, such as light, are limiting.

Empirical relationships between temperature and nitrogen availability across North American forests

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwei Yin
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Published Data ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Pool

Published data were analyzed to examine whether nitrogen (N) availability varies along macroclimatic gradients in North America. Extractable N produced during 8-week aerobic laboratory incubation was used as an index of potential net N mineralization. Mean extractable N during the growing season in the forest floor plus top mineral soil was used as an index of the available N pool. Using multiple regression, potential net N mineralization was shown to increase with available N and with litter-fall N (R2 = 0.722). Available N increased with increasing total soil N and with decreasing mean January and July air temperatures (R2 = 0.770). These relationships appeared to hold also for deciduous and coniferous forests separately across regions. Results suggest that net N mineralization output under uniform temperature and moisture conditions can be generally expressed by variations of N input (litter fall) and the available soil N pool, and that the available soil N pool is predictable along a temperature gradient at a regional scale.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Availability and Uptake by Sugarbeet in Years Following a Manure Application

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrick D. Lentz ◽  
Gary A. Lehrsch
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
High Rate ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Low Rate

The use of solid dairy manure for sugarbeet production is problematic because beet yield and quality are sensitive to deficiencies or excesses in soil N, and soil N availability from manure varies substantially depending on the year of application. Experimental treatments included combinations of two manure rates (0.33 and 0.97 Mg total N ha−1) and three application times, and non-manure treatments (control and urea fertilizer). We measured soil net N mineralization and biomass, N uptake, and yields for sprinkler-irrigated sugarbeet. On average, the 1-year-old, low-rate manure, and 1- and 2-year-old, high-rate manure treatments produced 1.2-fold greater yields, 1.1-fold greater estimated recoverable sugar, and 1.5-fold greater gross margins than that of fertilizer alone. As a group the 1-year-old, low-rate manure, and 2- and 3-year-old, high-rate-manure treatments produced similar cumulative net N mineralization as urea fertilizer; whereas the 1-year-old, high-rate manure treatment provided nearly 1.5-fold more N than either group. With appropriate manure application rates and attention to residual N and timing of sugarbeet planting, growers can best exploit the N mineralized from manure, while simultaneously maximizing sugar yields and profits.

Relationships between soil nitrogen dynamics and natural 15N abundance in plant foliage from Great Smoky Mountains National Park

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1636-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Garten Jr. ◽  
Helga Van Miegroet
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
Great Smoky Mountains ◽  
Soil N Dynamics ◽  
Mineral Soils

We tested the hypothesis that naturally occurring nitrogen (N) isotope ratios in foliage (from plants that do not symbiotically fix atmospheric N2) are an indicator of soil N dynamics in forests. Replicate plots were established at eight locations ranging in elevation from 615 to 1670 m in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee, U.S.A. The locations selected ranged from N-poor (low-elevation) to N-rich (high-elevation) forest stands. Soils were sampled in June 1992; plants, forest floors, and upper mineral soils were sampled in August 1992. Net N mineralization and net nitrification potentials for surface mineral soils and organic matter layers at each site were determined by aerobic laboratory incubations. Soils and organic layers from high-elevation sites had greater net N mineralization and nitrification potentials than soils from low-elevation sites. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences between study sites in soil 15N abundance. Therefore, we examined correlations between measures of soil N availability and both mean foliar δ15N values and mean enrichment factors (εp−s = δ15Nleaf − δ15Nsoil). In evergreens, maples, and ferns, mean foliar δ15N values and mean enrichment factors were positively correlated with net N mineralization and net nitrification potentials in soil. The observed relationships between natural 15N abundance in plant leaves and soil N availability were explained by a simple model of soil N dynamics. The model predicts how the isotopic composition of plant N is affected by the following factors: (i) varying uptake of soil NH4-N and NO3-N, (ii) the isotopic composition of different soil N pools, and (iii) relative rates of soil N transformations.

scholarly journals Reviews and syntheses: measuring ecosystem nitrogen status – a comparison of proxies

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 5395-5403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Almaraz ◽  
Stephen Porder
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Net Nitrification ◽  
Kendall’S Τ ◽  
Soil Δ15n ◽  
N Status

Abstract. There are many proxies used to measure nitrogen (N) availability in watersheds, but the degree to which they do (or do not) correlate within a watershed has not been systematically addressed. We surveyed the literature for intact forest or grassland watersheds globally, in which several metrics of nitrogen availability have been measured. Our metrics included the following: foliar δ15N, soil δ15N, net nitrification, net N mineralization, and the ratio of dissolved inorganic to organic nitrogen (DIN : DON) in soil solution and streams. We were particularly interested in whether terrestrial and stream based proxies for N availability were correlated where they were measured in the same place. Not surprisingly, the strongest correlation (Kendall's τ) was between net nitrification and N mineralization (τ  =  0.71, p < 0.0001). Net nitrification and N mineralization were each correlated with foliar and soil δ15N (p < 0.05). Foliar and soil δ15N were more tightly correlated in tropical sites (τ  =  0.68, p < 0.0001), than in temperate sites (τ  =  0.23, p  =  0.02). The only significant correlations between terrestrial- and water-based metrics were those of net nitrification (τ  =  0.48, p  =  0.01) and N mineralization (τ  =  0.69, p  =  0.0001) with stream DIN : DON. The relationship between stream DIN : DON with both net nitrification and N mineralization was significant only in temperate, but not tropical regions. To our surprise, we did not find a significant correlation between soil δ15N and stream DIN : DON, despite the fact that both have been used to infer spatially or temporally integrated N status. Given that both soil δ15N and stream DIN : DON are used to infer long-term N status, their lack of correlation in watersheds merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Availability in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Chi Tsai ◽  
Yu-Fang Chang
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Mineralization Potential ◽  
The Impact

Adding biochar to excessive compost amendments may affect compost mineralization rate and nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this 371-day incubation study was to evaluate the effects of four proportions of woody biochar (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%) from lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) biochar produced at 750 °C through dynamic mineral N and N mineralization rates in three rural soils (one Oxisol and two Inceptisols). In each treatment, 5% poultry–livestock manure compost was added to serve as an excessive application. The results indicated that the biochar decreased available total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) (NO3−-N+NH4+-N) by on average 6%, 9% and 19% for 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% treatments, respectively. The soil type strongly influenced the impact of the biochar addition on the soil nitrogen mineralization potential, especially the soil pH and clay content. This study showed that the co-application of biochar and excessive compost benefited the agricultural soils by improving NO3−-N retention in agroecosystems. The application of biochar to these soils to combine it with excessive compost appeared to be an effective method of utilizing these soil amendments, as it diminished the net N mineralization potential and reduced the nitrate loss of the excessive added compost.

scholarly journals Effect of Overstory and Understory Vegetation Treatments on Removal of Planted Northern Red Oak Acorns by Rodents

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Sharik ◽  
David S. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Herb Layer ◽  
Oak Regeneration ◽  
Layer Removal ◽  
Acorn Removal

Abstract We documented patterns in the removal of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns by rodents in red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands during a field study of oak regeneration in northern Lower Michigan. Each stand contained four overstory treatments assigned at random: clearcut, 25% cover, 50% cover, and uncut (control). Each level of canopy cover contained four randomly assigned understory treatments: shrub-layer removal, herb-layer removal, litter removal, and a control. Rodents removed acorns from 59% of the seed spots in the uncut control and 12% of the seed spots in the clearcut treatment. This five-fold difference was significant. Acorns were removed from 48% and 40% of the seed spots in the 75% and 50% canopy cover treatments, respectively. Differences in acorn removal between understory treatments were not significant. These results suggest that overstory vegetation treatments can influence the removal of planted acorns by rodents, which has implications for the use of direct seeding for artificially regenerating northern red oak.

scholarly journals Effects of snow absence on N pools and enzyme activities within soil aggregates in a spruce forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Zimin Li ◽  
Rüdiger Reichel ◽  
Kaijun Yang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Eastern Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Inorganic N

Abstract Background Snow cover change has a great potential to impact soil nitrogen (N) pools and enzyme activities in boreal forests. Yet, the nature of this biochemical processes within soil aggregates is still limited. We conducted a snow manipulation experiment to investigate the effects of snow absence on N pools and enzyme activities within soil aggregates in a subalpine spruce forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau of China. Results Snow absence increased extractable inorganic N pools (ammonium and nitrate) and enzyme activities, accompanying with the improvement of N mineralization rate. Regardless of snow manipulations, both soil extractable inorganic N and net N mineralization was higher in macroaggregates than that in the other two aggregates. In contrast, microaggregates had higher urease and nitrite reductase activities compared to macroaggregates and large macroaggregates. Compared with small macroaggregates and large macroaggregates, N pools and enzymes within microaggregates is more sensitive to snow absence. Conclusions Our results indicated that the impacts of snow cover change on soil N dynamic depend on aggregate sizes and winter conditions (e.g., snow cover and temperature). Such findings have important implication for soil N cycling in snow-covered subalpine forests experiencing pronounced winter climate change.

scholarly journals Regeneration of Northern Red Oak in Relation to Ectomycorrhizae in Oak and Pine Stands after Overstory and Understory Manipulations

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyi Zhou ◽  
Terry L. Sharik ◽  
Martin F. Jurgensen ◽  
Dana L. Richter ◽  
Margaret R. Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to colonization by indigenous ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was studied in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan that were subjected to overstory and understory manipulations. Two stand types (oak and pine), three blocks of each stand type, four canopy cover treatments (clearcut, 25% cover (50% cover in the first year), 75% cover and uncut), and two understory treatments (shrub removal and untreated control) were involved in the experiment. Northern red oak acorns from a common seed source were sown in May 1991 to simulate natural regeneration. Seedling growth and its relation to percent ECM were evaluated for the first two growing seasons. A significantly larger root-collar diameter of northern red oak seedlings was found in pine stands than in oak stands for the first growing season (P < 0.001). However, this difference could not be explained by overall ECM colonization. Seedling growth and ECM colonization were not affected by the shrub removal treatment during the first two growing seasons. In contrast, northern red oak seedling size and weight were strongly influenced by the overstory treatment, with lower levels of canopy cover resulting in larger seedlings. Seedlings had the greatest percent ECM in the partial cover treatment (25-50%) and the lowest percent ECM in the clearcut. After accounting for the effects of canopy cover, the relationship between total biomass of northern red oak seedlings and percent ECM was positively correlated (P = 0.001) during the first growing season and negatively correlated (P = 0.038) during the second growing season. A positive relationship between root/shoot ratio and percent ECM also existed in the first year (P = 0.003) in both oak and pine stands, but only in the oak stands in the second year (P = 0.039). These results indicate that ECM promoted more root development than shoot development, particularly underpartial canopy cover (25%-50%) treatments, where the greatest percent ECM and largest root/shoot ratio were found. Moreover, our results suggest that these partial canopy cover treatments provide a favorable balance between ECM abundance and northern red oak seedling development in both oak and pine stands on intermediate quality sites, and may lead to northern red oak regeneration success on such sites. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):182-190.

Cattle manure as a nutrient source for barley and oilseed crops in zero and conventional tillage systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Stevenson ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
S. A. Brandt ◽  
L. Townley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System

Manure application should be equally effective in meeting crop nutrient requirements in zero and conventional tillage systems in order to be sustainable in a semi-arid region. A study was conducted from 1993 to 1996 at Scott and Melfort, Saskatchewan, to determine if feedlot cattle manure and inorganic N fertilizer were equally effective as nutrient sources for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica rapa L.) and flax (Linum usitatissumum L.) production, and soil N dynamics, in zero and conventional tillage systems. Inorganic fertilizer was compared with a factorial combination of two manure treatments: manure composition (fresh versus stockpiled), and application rate and frequency (annual versus once every four years). Barley and oilseed yields at Scott did not differ between fertilizer and manure treatments, whether manure was applied annually or once every 4 yr. At Melfort, the site with the highest yield potential, grain yields were 24% lower with manure. This yield reduction could be related to soil N availability; net N mineralization was 37 kg ha−1 lower in plots that received manure rather than inorganic fertilizer. Yield responses to the different types of manure and inorganic fertilizer were similar under zero-till and conventional tillage management. Low levels of N volatilization from the manure, and similar levels of net N mineralization, explained why crop responses to nutrient source did not differ with tillage system. Feedlot cattle manure can be applied as a nutrient source when surface applied in a zero-till system without significant yield reductions compared with soil incorporation in a conventional tillage system. Key words: Cattle manure, tillage, zero-till, barley, canola, flax

Changes in net N mineralization rates and soil N and P pools in a pine forest wildfire chronosequence

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Durán ◽  
Alexandra Rodríguez ◽  
José María Fernández-Palacios ◽  
Antonio Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
P Pools
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