Growth losses from winter drying (red belt damage) in lodgepole pine stands on the east slopes of the Rockies in Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Bella ◽  
S. Navratil
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Annual Volume ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Rotation Age

Red belt damage (reddening and death of foliage) occurs frequently in lodgepole pine Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. stands between certain elevations and may affect tree growth and even cause mortality. We examined growth impact in four pine stands (10, 55, 90, and 115 years old) where nearly all trees showed symptoms of damage. On young trees, visible damage ranged from 0 to 80% of foliage, and averaged about 35%. A highly significant reduction in height growth and terminal bud length (p < 0.01) of young trees was proportional to the amount of damage. As much as two-thirds growth loss occurred in trees with 60% or more necrotized foliage. On intermediate and mature lodgepole pine, reduction of annual volume increment in the growing season following damage was variable and reached as high as 50%, with no further significant reduction occurring in subsequent years. Potential yield losses at rotation age and forest management prescriptions for susceptible stands are presented.

Some observations on the shoot growth of pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Terminal Bud

Sequential observations in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.) showed that the second season's shoot was not produced solely from stem units in the terminal resting bud as previously assumed. The stem units held in the rosette of primary needles surrounding the terminal bud elongated to form most of the second season's shoot. The terminal bud only contributed 29 to 54% of the stem units. There was a marked difference between an inland and a coastal provenance of lodgepole pine in the appearance of the shoot apex at the end of the first growing season.

How well can we select undamaged site trees for estimating site index?

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1989-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon D Nigh ◽  
Bobby A Love
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Unbiased Estimates

The best estimates of site index, an indicator of site productivity, are obtained from site trees. Undamaged site trees should be sampled to obtain unbiased estimates of site index. Two juvenile height growth modelling projects provided us with sufficient data to assess our ability to select undamaged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) site trees. The sample trees were split open to measure height growth from the terminal bud scars. Splitting the stems also revealed damage that was not visible from the outside of the tree. Over 50% of the lodgepole pine trees and 75% of the white spruce trees had damage, which was much higher than expected. Possible causes of damage are frost and insects. The damage does not significantly reduce the height of the spruce trees, but there is evidence that the heights of the lodgepole pine trees are reduced.

Shoot apical growth and cataphyll initiation rates in provenances of Pinusconforta in Scotland

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin G. R. Cannell
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Model Matching ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Component C ◽  
Doubling Times

The dynamics of terminal bud development on seven 3-year-old nursery-grown provenances of Pinuscontorta Dougl. were monitored by sampling buds at 1- to 3-weekly intervals during one growing season. Differences in rates of cataphyll initiation occurred which were analysed in terms of (a) the projected areas of the apical domes, which changed over the season, (b) the relative rates at which the apical domes expanded radially during a plastochrone (square millimetres per square millimetre), as shown by the extent to which the new cataphyll primordia receded away from the domes, and (c) the projected areas of the tissues used to form new cataphyll primordia. Component a was a measure of the size of the apical dome meristems and b was a measure of their rates of 'activity.' A model-matching method is described to measure b.Those provenances which produced most cataphylls during the growing season developed and maintained large apical domes (component a above). There were unexpectedly small provenance differences in the apical dome 'activity' in midsummer (component b defined above), although differences occurred in spring and autumn. Differences in the projected areas of the new cataphyll primordia (component c) were inversely related to cataphyll initiation rates. Apical dome tissue doubling times in midsummer were estimated to be less than 120 h, irrespective of provenance.Inland provenances had small but relatively 'active' apical domes in spring, but they produced cataphyll primordia as products of this growth rather than reinvesting in apical dome 'capital.' Consequently, their apical domes remained small. Coastal Alaskan provenances, on the other hand, developed large apical domes, but these domes ceased to be very 'active' after the end of August. The apical domes on south coastal provenances did not become 'active' until early summer, but their domes were relatively large even in spring, became much larger by late summer, and they remained 'active' until mid-September.Implications are noted regarding cross-breeding of complementary genotypes to increase needle production and height growth.

Mortality and height growth losses of coniferous seedlings damaged by the black army cutworm

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1364-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Maher ◽  
R.F. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Needle Loss ◽  
Root Stress

Growth and survival of seedlings were determined for 1 to 3 years following defoliation by black army cutworm, Actebiafennica (Tausch.). Ten data sets were collected on three sites and included four species of seedlings: interior Douglas-fir, Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco; lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta Dougl.; western larch, Larixoccidentalis Nutt.; and Engelmann spruce, Piceaengelmannii Parry. Mortality following defoliation cannot be assessed until after the flush in the next growing season because completely defoliated seedlings often regenerate new foliage and survive. More than 90% of the total mortality that did occur was detected at that time. Mortality of up to 39% occurred when seedlings were defoliated more than 60%; most of this occurred when planting was carried out concurrent with defoliation. Synergistic root stress effects caused by poor planting, dry sites, or drought significantly increased mortality. Height growth was significantly reduced when defoliation was greater than 60%; the greatest effects occurred when terminal bud destruction accompanied needle loss. Growth losses were greatest the year of defoliation; recovery of height growth of lodgepole pine was complete by the 2nd year on good growing sites. On poor sites, retardation of lodgepole pine height growth was still evident after 3 years.

Control of height growth components in seedlings of California red and white fir by seed source and water stress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Needle Primordia

Terminal bud growth in 2nd-year seedlings and subsequent elongation of the overwintering bud in the 3rd year were studied in California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (A. concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.). During each growing season the seedlings were either watered or left unwatered to provide 2nd and 3rd year treatments of wet–wet, dry–wet, wet–dry, and dry–dry seasons. Harvests were done biweekly during the second growing season and once at the end of the third growing season. Rate and duration of primordium production were negatively related and there were no differences among seed sources for the number of primordia produced in the 2nd year. Watering more than doubled the number of primordia, mainly through increasing the rate of production. Internode number and length were negatively related on a genetic and environmental basis. Changes in internode length tended to compensate for environmentally induced changes in internode number which resulted in a year to year stability in height growth. Height growth was more buffered against changes in internode number in red fir than in white fir. Watering induced a summer shoot in 80% of low-elevation white fir seedlings and 40% of red fir and high-elevation white fir seedlings. Summer shoots doubled the height increment for the current season and increased the number of needle primordia in the winter bud by 26%. The larger buds were the result of a prolonged period of primordium production.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Resource Effectiveness Change on Rice Potential Yield in Southern China

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Qing Ye ◽  
Xiaoguang Yang ◽  
Wenjuan Xie ◽  
Junmeng Yao ◽  
Zhe Cai
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Rice Growing Season

During the rice growing season, farmers’ decisions about cropping systems and seed varieties directly affect the utilization of heat resource, and eventually affect the potential yield. In this study, we used the hourly accumulated temperature model to calculate the available heat resource as well as the effective heat resource in southern China. We conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of the heat resource effectiveness during rice growing season and an impact assessment of heat resource effectiveness on rice potential yield and cereal yield reduction. The results showed that, during the period of 1951–2015, heat resource effectiveness generally declined in the rice cropping area of southern China. And this decrease worsened during the most recent three decades compared with the period of 1951–1980. A strong correlation was detected between heat resource effectiveness and rice potential yield in the study area. When the effective heat resource during the growing season increased by 1 °C·d, rice potential yield would increase by 14 kg ha−1. For each percentage increase in heat resource effectiveness, the rice potential yield reduction rate would go down by 0.65%. This agro-climatological study aims to offer a scientific basis for rice production decisions in southern China, such as when to plant, which varieties to choose and so on.

Early growth of lodgepole pine after establishment of alsike clover–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Trowbridge ◽  
F.B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Needle Mass

An overdense lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stand was knocked down and the site was prepared by broadcast burn, windrow burn, or mechanical forest floor removal. Inoculated alsike clover (Trifoliumhybridum L.) was seeded at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha for the three different site preparation treatments to determine the effects of (i) site preparation on infection and effectiveness of the clover–Rhizobium symbiosis and clover percent cover and (ii) the clover–Rhizobium N2-fixing symbiosis on survival, early growth, and foliar nitrogen concentration of lodgepole pine seedlings. The N2-fixing symbiosis established well in all treatments. Clover percent cover increased with increasing rate of seeding, although by relatively few percent in the clover seeded plots. Broadcast burning, windrow burning, and mechanical forest floor removal did not affect the establishment of the N2-fixing symbiosis or clover percent cover. Lodgepole pine survival was not affected by the seeding treatments in any year, nor were height measurements during the first three growing seasons. Seedling height was slightly less in clover-seeded plots compared with controls in the fourth growing season. Lodgepole pine seedlings on clover-seeded plots had decreased diameter growth compared with controls during the first three growing seasons, but incremental diameter growth no longer showed this effect by the fourth growing season. Needle mass (g/100 needles) was less in clover-seeded plots at the end of the second growing season, but this effect was reversed by the fourth growing season, when both needle mass and foliar nitrogen concentration in lodgepole pine foliage were greater in clover-seeded plots.

The effects of summer shoot production on height growth components of seedlings of California red and white fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Needle Primordia

Morphogenesis of the terminal shoot was studied in 2-year-old seedlings of California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). Seedlings were either watered or left unwatered during the growing season in order to produce different shoot morphologies and seedlings with and without a summer shoot. Under favorable soil moisture, the frequency of summer shoot production was 32, 53, and 82% for red fir and high- and low-elevation white fir, respectively. Drought from mid-May to mid-September reduced summer shoot production to less than 1% in both species. Spring shoot morphology was not an indicator of capacity to produce a summer shoot. Rate of primordium production was directly related to apical dome diameter. However, when the normal spring increase in apical dome diameter was arrested by summer shoot elongation, the rate of primordium production appeared to be unaffected. Although the apical and subapical meristems were active at the same time, they did not appear to be antagonistic. The major effects of producing a summer shoot were as follows: (i) elongation of 60–120% more intemodes in the current growing season, (ii) production of 15–40% more needle primordia in the overwintering bud, (iii) production of 30–60% more primordia annually, and (iv) increase in the percentage of total primordium production that developed into needles from 60% to 75–80%.

SEASONAL LEADER GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE IN THE SUBALPINE FOREST OF ALBERTA

1958 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Growing Period

The weekly leader growth of lodgepole pine saplings showed similar patterns but different growth rates according to aspect of site. The seasonal growing period consistently started in early May and was 12 weeks long but within this period the distribution of growth differed widely from year to year. A direct relationship existed between weekly growth and corresponding mean weekly temperatures, except toward the end of the growing season.

scholarly journals Early Height Growth and Site Index of Lodgepole Pine Under Wet and Dry Soil Moisture Regimes in British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Gordon D. Nigh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Soil Moisture Availability ◽  
A Site ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether the relationship between site index and early height growth of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) is the same on wet and dry sites. If the height growth/site index relationship is the same for different site types, then only one growth intercept model is required to estimate site index. Indicator variables in nonlinear regression were used to incorporate soil moisture availability into a growth intercept model. One set of parameters in a site index/early height growth model was adequate for both wet and dry sites. This result was supported graphically. Therefore, only one growth intercept model is necessary for the sites examined in this study. West. J. Appl. For. 12(1):5-8.

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