Regarding the choice of composite indicators of ecological safety of water in the basin of the Siversky Donets

The lack of effective mechanisms of the methods of basin management, control of and responsibility for the ecological state of surface sources of drinking water leads to the fact that the main man-made objects that determine the ecological state of surface water sources are most often located in one oblast, while the production and consumption of the drinking water from those sources occur in the territory of other oblasts, which complicates the effective management of environmental safety of surface water sources. This is especially true for the regions of Ukraine which are poor in surface water resources, located in the basin of the Siversky Donets River, the water bodies of which are the main sources of water supply in the eastern regions of the country. The main consumer of water is Donetsk Oblast (over 50 % of the annual volume), and Kharkiv and Luhansk Oblasts together consume approximately the same volume of water per year (up to 50 % of the annual volume). Therefore, it is important to substantiate the integrated indicators of the ecological status of the water body to improve the environmental safety of surface water sources. The paper shows that oxygen indicators play an important role in the ecology of a water body. They are associated with the assimilative ability of water, the ability of water to decompose organic matter. Therefore, the content of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen consumption in water is of great interest not only in terms of life development, but also as a composite measure of the ecological status of the aquatic environment. The relationship between the value of the combined index of water pollution and the value of biochemical oxygen consumption makes the indicator of biochemical oxygen consumption important for the integrated assessment of water contamination with various organic substances. For the tasks for which we justify the choice of composite measures of the ecological condition of surface waters, it is more important to identify the effects of contamination not directly at the site of contamination, but at some distance from it and after some time. Therefore, the use of the amount of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen consumption as indicators that characterize the oxidation of pollutants present in water is the most appropriate for the tasks of timely monitoring of water bodies. Therefore, as a composite indicator for characterizing the condition of the watercourse and conducting timely monitoring, we chose oxygen indicators.

DEPLATION CHARACTER OF FOREST MANAGMENT IN THE LEASED LAND OF THE IRBIT FORESTRY

Истощительное экстенсивное лесопользование на арендованном участке – актуальная проблема лесного хозяйства. Современная практика показывает, что лесопользователь, руководствуясь экономическими показателями с целью получения большей прибыли, не ведет заготовку в малопро- дуктивных насаждениях, а осваивает высокопродуктивные насаждения с высокими запасами на 1 га. Такая ситуация приводит к невыполнению мероприятий по воспроизводству лесов в полном объеме и к истощению лесов. Методы определения расчетных лесосек не отвечают принципам непрерывно- сти и неистощительности на лесных участках. Срок использования эксплуатационного фонда зачастую не соответствует срокам договора аренды. В документах лесного планирования необходимо приводить динамику заготовки древесины и изменения возрастной структуры насаждений на срок аренды. Фонд лесовосстановления превышает по площади ежегодный объем вырубок из-за освоения высокобонитет- ных насаждений. Один из способов для перехода к интенсивной модели лесопользования – это внесение изменений в организацию расчета лесопользования на арендованных лесных участках. The depletion of extensive forest use on a leased plot is an actual problem of forestry. Modern practice shows that the forest user, guided by economic indicators in order to obtain more profit, does not harvest in low-productive plantations, but develops highly productive plantations with high reserves per 1 ha. This situation leads to the failure to implement measures for the reproduction of forests in full and to the depletion of forests. The methods for determining the calculated cutting areas do not meet the principles of continuity and sustainability in forest areas. The term of use of the operating fund often does not correspond to the terms of the lease agreement. In the forest planning documents, it is necessary to give the dynamics of wood harvesting and changes in the age structure of plantings for the lease period. The reforestation fund exceeds the annual volume of deforestation by area due to the development of high-priority plantations. One of the ways to switch to an intensive model of forest management is to make changes to the organization of the calculation of forest use on the designated forest areas.

INVESTIGATION OF CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF FAILURES TRANSMISSIONS OF CITY BUSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The purpose of the study is to determine the amount of bus transmission failures under the influence of climatic conditions during urban operation. The task is to define the frequency of consumption of parts and transmission units of city buses by the example of PAZ brand, taking into account the data of motor transport enterprises, as well as to assess the influence of seasons using harmonic method. Indicators of actual and estimated demand for parts of transmission units and other elements of vehicles will allow to predict the amount of stock and possible costs for the next year, and spare parts that may remain in warehouses in certain months can be redistributed during the year, thereby preserving the annual volume of orders. Consequently, the total operating costs will remain at the same level, which for the logistics service is a positive factor for solving planning tasks. The actual need for spare parts turned out to be 13% higher on average than the indicators obtained during experimental studies, which confirms the great influence of such a factor as climatic conditions during the operation of vehicles.

At what Pressure Shall CO2 Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping

The pipeline has historically been the preferred means to transport CO2 due to its low cost for short distances and opportunities for economies of scale. However, interest in vessel-based transport of CO2 is growing. While most of the literature has assumed that CO2 shipping would take place at low pressure (at 7 barg and −46 °C), the issue of identifying best transport conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature, and gas composition, is becoming more relevant as ship-based carbon capture and storage chains move towards implementation. This study focuses on an in-depth comparison of the two primary and relevant transport pressures, 7 and 15 barg, for annual volumes up to 20 MtCO2/year and transport distances up to 2000 km. We also address the impact of a number of key factors on optimal transport conditions, including (a) transport between harbours versus transport to an offshore site, (b) CO2 pressure prior to conditioning, (c) the presence of impurities and of purity constraints, and (d) maximum feasible ship capacities for the 7 and 15 barg options. Overall, we have found that 7 barg shipping is the most cost-efficient option for the combinations of distance and annual volume where transport by ship is the cost-optimal means of transport. Furthermore, 7 barg shipping can enable significant cost reductions (beyond 30%) compared to 15 barg shipping for a wide range of annual volume capacities.

Production Potential and Development of a Decision Support Models for the Plantations of Aleppo Pine in the Oued Laou Watershed in the Moroccan Rif

The present study was carried out in the Oued Laou watershed belonging to the Moroccan Rif. It aims at the elaboration of mathematical tariffs for cubing Aleppo pine, the morphometric and increments study. The data analyzed for this purpose were collected after a preliminary stratification of the forest based on the plantation age. The study of the region’s climate shows that the western sector of the watershed is part of the temperate humid bioclimate, and the eastern sector belongs to the warm variant subhumid. The analysis of the stand-study structure shows that the distribution of the number of stems as a function of the circumference is a distribution close to normal. Cubic rates have been constructed to estimate the volume of trees. The mean annual volume increment of Aleppo pine varies between 3.10 and 4.83 m3/ha/year from one plot to another; this small fluctuation largely reflects the homogeneity of the study area. Aleppo pine has a wide ecological and spatial plasticity: colonization of all substrates, bioclimates ranging from semi-arid to temperate humid. It’s a species that exhibits uniform behavior despite topographic and edaphic variations.

Lateral thermokarst patterns in permafrost peat plateaus in northern Norway

Subarctic peatlands underlain by permafrost contain significant amounts of organic carbon. Our ability to quantify the evolution of such permafrost landscapes in numerical models is critical for providing robust predictions of the environmental and climatic changes to come. Yet, the accuracy of large-scale predictions has so far been hampered by small-scale physical processes that create a high spatial variability of thermal surface conditions, affecting the ground thermal regime and thus permafrost degradation patterns. In this regard, a better understanding of the small-scale interplay between microtopography and lateral fluxes of heat, water and snow can be achieved by field monitoring and process-based numerical modeling. Here, we quantify the topographic changes of the Šuoššjávri peat plateau (northern Norway) over a three-year period using drone-based repeat high-resolution photogrammetry. Our results show thermokarst degradation is concentrated on the edges of the plateau, representing 77 % of observed subsidence, while most of the inner plateau surface exhibits no detectable subsidence. Based on detailed investigation of eight zones of the plateau edge, we show that this edge degradation corresponds to an annual volume change of 0.13±0.07 m3 yr−1 per meter of retreating edge (orthogonal to the retreat direction). Using the CryoGrid3 land surface model, we show that these degradation patterns can be reproduced in a modeling framework that implements lateral redistribution of snow, subsurface water and heat, as well as ground subsidence due to melting of excess ice. By performing a sensitivity test for snow depths on the plateau under steady-state climate forcing, we obtain a threshold behavior for the start of edge degradation. Small snow depth variations (from 0 to 30 cm) result in highly different degradation behavior, from stability to fast degradation. For plateau snow depths in the range of field measurements, the simulated annual volume changes are broadly in agreement with the results of the drone survey. As snow depths are clearly correlated with ground surface temperatures, our results indicate that the approach can potentially be used to simulate climate-driven dynamics of edge degradation observed at our study site and other peat plateaus worldwide. Thus, the model approach represents a first step towards simulating climate-driven landscape development through thermokarst in permafrost peatlands.

Forecasting economic result of manipulation using game theory modeling

Manipulations are taking place widely on various capital, commodity, derivative and other markets. They are reported regularly and sometimes causing significant losses. But it doesn’t mean that the efforts intended to limit this sort of activity are insignificant. Surveillance budgets, as well as applied fines, are impressing. The annual volume of manipulative attempts and the efforts, intended to deter these attempts, are growing exponentially year after year. The imperfection and low versatility of detection methods are leaving space for successful attempts, making manipulative behavior still attractive. This paper is representing the model, based on the Game Theory and aimed to fit modern requirements of surveillance. The article defines basic problems in manipulation detection and proves model’s capability to solve them. However, the problem is reviewed on a general level allowing to elaborate the versatile model, but not a specific manipulative scenario. At the same time, the model allows complementing it with precise tools defining aspects related to actual manipulation. Manipulation and the shaping of it's economic results are reviewed in-depth, revealing it's core phenomenology.

Work of modern ophthalmosurgical hospital in context of pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19

The article evaluates the effectiveness of changes in the organizational work of the diagnostics department of the Khabarovsk branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution (Branch) in the context of a pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The data on the organizational restructuring of the activities of the diagnostic department of the Branch are presented. It was due to strict requirements for compliance with anti-epidemic measures in the context of the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thanks to this, it was possible to maintain the annual volume of providing ophthalmic surgical care to residents of the Far Eastern region of the Russian Federation. Its decline was only 17.4%. Key words: pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, ophthalmosurgical clinic, reorganization of work, volumes of planned surgery.

Growth Relationships in Silver Fir Stands at Their Lower-Altitude Limit in Romania

This study presents the biometric relationships among various increments that is useful in both scientific and practical terms for the silvicultural of silver fir. The increments recorded in the biometric characteristics of trees are a faithful indicator of the effect of silvicultural work measures and of environmental conditions. Knowing these increments, and the relationships among them, can contribute to adaptations in silvicultural work on these stands with the purpose of reducing risks generated by environmental factors. We carried an inventory based on tree increment cores. The sample size was determined based on both radial increment and height increment variability of the trees. The sample trees were selected in proportion to their basal area on diameter categories. Current annual height increment (CAIh) was measured on felled trees from mean tree category. For CAIh we generated models based on the mean tree height. Percentages of the basal area increment and of form-height increment were used to compute the current annual volume increment percentage (PCAIv). For the mean tree, the CAIh estimated through the used models had a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.8749 and for the current annual volume increment (CAIv) the RMSE value was 0.1295. In even-aged stands, the mean current volume increment tree is a hypothetical tree that may have the mean basal area of all the trees and the form-height of the stand. Conclusions: The diameter, height, and volume increments of trees are influenced by structural conditions and natural factors. The structures comprising several generations of fir mixed with beech and other deciduous trees, which have been obtained by the natural regeneration of local provenances, are stable and must become management targets. Stable structures are a condition for the sustainable management of stands.