Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata in forestry. I. Consistency between isolates in effective colonization of containerized conifer seedlings

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Molina
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Colonization Success ◽  
Inoculation Treatment

Four isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br. were inoculated singly onto containerized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings to detect ecotypic variation in colonization success and effects on seedling growth. All isolates formed well-developed ectomycorrhizae on all inoculated seedlings. Abundance ratings of short roots colonized did not differ between the four isolates for any conifer species; most inoculated seedlings developed ectomycorrhizae on over 80% of their short roots. There were also no differences between isolates in affecting seedling height, stem diameter, and dry weight of tops and roots for all conifer species. Inoculations did not improve seedling growth over uninoculated controls. Uninoculated controls of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine had significantly greater dry weight than their inoculated seedlings; growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock seedlings was not affected by any inoculation treatment. Laccarialaccata vigorously colonized the entire container rooting substrate and appears a prime candidate for artificial ectomycorrhizal inoculation of containerized western conifers.

Effect of forest floor on growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and without fertilizer

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1222-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
P Fertilizers

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of four different forest soils on growth and shoot nutrients of potted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings, in absence and in presence of forest floor, and with and without N and P fertilizers. Nine-month-old seedlings from low-elevation seed sources were used, and seedlings were grown for 2 years in a roofed lathhouse. Soils were of the Klone, Vesta, Bunker, and Shelton series; Klone and Vesta soils, and Bunker and Shelton soils, were collected from western hemlock and Douglas-fir stands, respectively. The fertilizers ammonium nitrate at 100 kg N/ha and triple superphosphate at 226 kg P/ha were tested. The forest floor, at 70 g/7.6-L pot, and the N and P fertilizers were added to the top of the planting pots without mixing. The forest floors and mineral soils differed by source in many of the chemical characteristics determined. Overall, seedling growth of Douglas-fir and western hemlock was better in the Klone and Shelton soils than in the Bunker and Vesta soils. Seedlings, especially those of western hemlock, grew better with than without forest floor. The N fertilizer reduced seedling growth of both species and, in some soils, reductions were more with than without forest floor. The P fertilizer improved seedling growth of both species in all soils and, with one exception, growth was much greater in the presence than in the absence of the forest floor. With both species, soil, forest-floor, and fertilization treatments affected concentrations and contents of the various shoot nutrients determined. The nutritional changes observed varied by nutrient and reflected differences in uptake of native and fertilizer nutrients, as well as changes in shoot dry weight. The results demonstrate the importance of the forest floor to growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings, especially when fertilizers are used.

The Relationship Between Leaf Area and Leaf Dry Weight of Three Conifer Species Grown on Three Sources of Nitrogen

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Mellor ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Western hemlock, Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine were grown on three different sources of nitrogen. At 18 weeks the relationship between leaf area and leaf dry weight was determined for each species. A linear relationship was found between leaf area and leaf dry weight for all three species. Different nitrogen treatments had no effect on this relationship.

Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccarialaccata in forestry. III. Effects of commercially produced inoculum on container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Ling L. Hung ◽  
Randy Molina
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Optimal Rate ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Container Nurseries

Inoculation of container-grown Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings with vegetative inoculum of Laccarialaccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br., prepared by Sylvan Spawn Laboratory, yielded ectomycorrhizae in a research greenhouse experiment; however, in two container nurseries, ectomycorrhizae were observed only on inoculated Douglas-fir seedlings. Successfully colonized seedlings had more short roots than did the controls. The percentage of L. laccata ectomycorrhizae increased with increasing inoculation rates. Inoculation rate for best seedling growth and ectomycorrhiza formation differed between nurseries. Inoculation at an "optimal" rate resulted in quality seedlings and abundant ectomycorrhiza formation at each nursery. Inoculation of Douglas-fir with L. laccata in a commercial nursery application is feasible.

Diversity and host specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from three adjacent forest sites by five host species

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 1053-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
H B Massicotte ◽  
R Molina ◽  
L E Tackaberry ◽  
J E Smith ◽  
M P Amaranthus
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Arbutus Menziesii

Seedlings of Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. (grand fir), Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. (tanoak), Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. (ponderosa pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir), and Arbutus menziesii Pursh (madrone) were planted in mixture and monoculture in soil collected from three adjacent forest sites in southwestern Oregon (a clearcut area, a 25-year-old Douglas-fir plantation, and a mature 90- to 160-year-old Douglas-fir - pine forest) to determine the effect of host tree diversity on retrieval of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. In this greenhouse bioassay, 18 morphotypes of mycorrhizae were recognized overall from all soils with a total of 55 host-fungus combinations: 14 types with ponderosa pine, 14 with Douglas-fir, 10 with tanoak, 10 with grand fir, and 7 for madrone. Four genus-specific morphotypes were retrieved (three on ponderosa pine and one on Douglas-fir), even in mixture situations, demonstrating selectivity of some fungal propagules by their respective host. Five types were detected on all hosts, but not necessarily in soils from all sites. The remaining nine types were associated with two, three, or four hosts, which indicates a wide potential for interspecific hyphal linkages between trees. More morphotypes were retrieved from the monoculture treatments compared with the mixture treatments, although the differences were not significant. Several examples of acropetal replacement of one fungus by another (interpreted as succession) were recorded on all hosts during the course of the experiment. These results illustrate the importance of different host species in maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity, especially fungi with restricted host range, and the strong potential for fungal linkages between trees in forest ecosystems.Key words: fungal succession, fungal communities, compatibility, Arbutus menziesii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Abies grandis, Lithocarpus densiflora.

Patterns of log decay in old-growth Douglas-fir forests

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1585-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Sollins ◽  
Steven P. Cline ◽  
Thomas Verhoeven ◽  
Donald Sachs ◽  
Gody Spycher
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Total N ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Fallen boles (logs) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) in old-growth stands of the Cascade Range of western Oregon and Washington were compared with regard to their physical structure, chemistry, and levels of microbial activity. Western hemlock and western red cedar logs disappeared faster than Douglas-fir logs, although decay rate constants based on density change alone were 0.010/year for Douglas-fir, 0.016/year for western hemlock, and 0.009/year for western red cedar. We were unable to locate hemlock or red cedar logs older than 100 years on the ground, but found Douglas-fir logs that had persisted up to nearly 200 years. Wood density decreased to about 0.15 g/cm3 after 60–80 years on the ground, depending on species, then remained nearly constant. Moisture content of logs increased during the first 80 years on the ground, then remained roughly constant at about 250% (dry-weight basis) in summer and at 350% in winter. After logs had lain on the ground for about 80 years, amounts of N, P, and Mg per unit volume exceeded the amount present initially. Amounts of Ca, K, and Na remained fairly constant throughout the 200-year time span that was studied (100-year time span for Na). N:P ratios converged toward 20, irrespective of tree species or wood tissue type. C:N ratios dropped to about 100 in the most decayed logs; net N was mineralized during anaerobic incubation of most samples with a C:N ratio below 250. The ratio of mineralized N to total N increased with advancing decay. Asymbiotic bacteria in fallen logs fixed about 1 kg N ha−1 year−1, a substantial amount relative to system N input from precipitation and dry deposition (2–3 kg ha−1 year−1).

Growth analysis of four nursery-grown conifer species

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1389-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
R van den. Driessche
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
Net Assimilation

Annual pattern of relative growth rate (RGR) and stem extension growth were examined in four 1-year-old conifer species grown at two nurseries. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and needle area ratio (F) were calculated for a 14-day period in June. Seasonal patterns of RGR in Douglas fir and Sitka spruce were similar, but RGR of white spruce was lower and showed a different pattern. Seasonal fluctuations in RGR may have been associated with changes in rate of stem extension growth in Douglas fir and Sitka spruce, but not in white spruce or hemlock. Differences in NAR had a greater effect on RGR than differences in F during June. In particular, low RGR was mainly due to low NAR in white spruce.

Efficiency in a forest nursery of an ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum produced in a fermentor and entrapped in polymeric gels

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1664-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Le Tacon ◽  
G. Jung ◽  
J. Mugnier ◽  
P. Michelot ◽  
C. Mauperin
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Nursery ◽  
Thelephora Terrestris ◽  
Hebeloma Cylindrosporum ◽  
Polymeric Gels ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
High Metabolic Activity

In a nursery in the centre of France, we have compared the effect of different forms of an ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum (Hebeloma cylindrosporum) on growth and mycorrhizal development of Douglas-fir and Norway spruce after soil fumigation. Compared with inoculum produced on peat and vermiculite, the inoculum produced in a fermentor and entrapped in polymeric gels significantly improved Douglas-fir and Norway spruce seedling growth. The Hebeloma mycorrhizal index was not significantly different between the different forms of inocula. The superiority of the inoculum produced in the fermentor and entrapped in gels is probably related to the high metabolic activity of the mycelium and to the protection given by the polymers after the incorporation of the inoculum into the soil. Hebeloma cylindrosporum stimulates seedling growth even in the presence of Thelephora terrestris mycorrhiza.

Effects of ectomycorrhizae and solution pH on [15N]nitrate uptake by coniferous seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Rygiewicz ◽  
Caroline S. Bledsoe ◽  
Robert J. Zasoski
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Ion Release ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Uptake Rates

The interacting effects of mycorrhizae and pH on nitrate uptake by three native Northwest coniferous species were examined. Seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) were grown for several months, and then half of the seedlings were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quél. In a series of experiments, pH was continuously maintained at set levels and fluxes of nitrate, potassium, calcium, and hydroxide ions were measured. While both coniferous species and mycorrhizae did affect nitrate uptake rates, the major effect on nitrate uptake rates was due to solution pH. Nitrate uptake rates generally increased with increasing pH from pH 2.5 to 7.5, as did calcium flux rates, which changed from efflux at low pH to uptake at higher pH levels. Potassium was released from the roots at all pH levels. Hydroxide ion release rates decreased with increasing pH, resulting in hydrogen ion release above pH 5.5. Mycorrhizal roots often released fewer hydroxide ions per nitrate ion taken up than did nonmycorrhizal roots, leading to the suggestion that mycorrhizae may act as rhizosphere buffers. Among the three coniferous species, Douglas-fir roots released more hydroxide ions per nitrate taken up than did western hemlock; Sitka spruce values were intermediate. These apparent species effects may be related to the less acidic mineral soil environment where Douglas-fir roots are often found, and to the more acidic forest floor environment where western hemlock roots primarily grow.

Forest fire history of Desolation Peak, Washington

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Agee ◽  
Mark Finney ◽  
Roland De Gouvenain
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Natural Fire ◽  
Interior Forest

Forests in the vicinity of Desolation Peak, Washington, are of special ecological interest because of their transitional nature between coastal and interior forest types. The area is west of the Cascade Mountain crest but in the rainshadow of mountains farther to the west. Fire return intervals were hypothesized to be shorter than typical for coastal forest types, such as those dominated by western hemlock and Pacific silver fir, and longer than typical for interior forest types, such as ponderosa pine, owing to the close juxtaposition of these types at Desolation Peak. Seven forest community types were defined, and a 400-year fire history was developed for this 3500-ha area. The average natural fire rotation was 100 years; this varied by a factor of two by century and by topographic aspect. Forest types typical of coastal regions, such as Douglas-fir, – western hemlock and mountain hemlock – Pacific silver fir, had mean fire return intervals (108–137 years) much lower than in other western Washington areas. The most interior forest type, ponderosa pine – Douglas-fir, had a higher mean fire return interval (52 years) than reported for similar forest types east of the Cascades. Historically, fire has created structural and landscape diversity on Desolation Peak and may be an important process in the maintenance of such diversity into the future.

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