Influence of short-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on growth, allocation patterns, and biochemistry of black spruce seedlings at different stages of development

Black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana Mill.) were exposed to either elevated (1000 ppm) or ambient (340 ppm) atmospheric CO2 levels at different stages of seedling development over a winter greenhouse production cycle. Seedlings germinated in early February and were placed in CO2 chambers for either 3 or 6 weeks during March, April, May, or August. Total seedling biomass increased under high CO2 conditions for the March, April, and May stages of development, but showed no significant response in August. The greater part of the CO2 response occurred during the second 3 weeks of exposure in March and April but during the first 3 weeks of exposure in May. In September, those seedlings exposed to CO2 in April and May had 30 and 14%, respectively, greater biomass than control seedlings, but seedlings from the other stages of development no longer had significant differences remaining from the CO2 treatment. This suggests that it could be very efficient to give a short well-timed CO2 pulse at the beginning of the production cycle in hopes of producing a size difference that is maintained throughout the remainder of the greenhouse production cycle under ambient levels of CO2. Short-term exposure to elevated CO2 also increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to total height for the March, April, and May stages of development. The ratio of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.98) with the allocation of new growth between shoots and roots as measured by the allocation coefficient, k (milligrams shoot growth per milligrams root growth). As seedlings developed along their seasonal growth cycle, ratios of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids increased and the values for k decreased. The effect of CO2 enrichment on these two factors is discussed. Monitoring total nonstructural carbohydrate and free amino acid concentrations in foliage could have potential as a method to predict the percentage of carbon allocated to root systems of entire forest stands as well as of individual tree seedlings.

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Short-Term Salt Stress Response in Watermelon Seedlings

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21176036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (17) ◽

pp. 6036

Author(s):

Qiushuo Song ◽

Madhumita Joshi ◽

Vijay Joshi

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Photosystem Ii ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Short Term ◽

Salt Stress Response

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is a widely popular vegetable fruit crop for human consumption. Soil salinity is among the most critical problems for agricultural production, food security, and sustainability. The transcriptomic and the primary molecular mechanisms that underlie the salt-induced responses in watermelon plants remain uncertain. In this study, the photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II, free amino acids, and transcriptome profiles of watermelon seedlings exposed to short-term salt stress (300 mM NaCl) were analyzed to identify the genes and pathways associated with response to salt stress. We observed that the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II decreased in salt-stressed plants. Most free amino acids in the leaves of salt-stressed plants increased many folds, while the percent distribution of glutamate and glutamine relative to the amino acid pool decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed 7622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress, of which 4055 were up-regulated. The GO analysis showed that the molecular function term “transcription factor (TF) activity” was enriched. The assembled transcriptome demonstrated up-regulation of 240 and down-regulation of 194 differentially expressed TFs, of which the members of ERF, WRKY, NAC bHLH, and MYB-related families were over-represented. The functional significance of DEGs associated with endocytosis, amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, and hormonal pathways in response to salt stress are discussed. The findings from this study provide novel insights into the salt tolerance mechanism in watermelon.

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Effect of Short-Term Therapy with Cortisol on the Urinary Excretion of Free Amino Acids

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem-23-10-996 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 996-1000 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

HORACE H. ZINNEMAN ◽

JANET J. JOHNSON ◽

ULYSSES S. SEAL

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Term Therapy ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Therapy

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Change in Content of Sugars and Free Amino Acids in Potato Tubers under Short-Term Storage at Low Temperature and the Effect on Acrylamide Level after Frying

Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1271/bbb.69.1232 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 1232-1238 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Akiko OHARA-TAKADA ◽

Chie MATSUURA-ENDO ◽

Yoshihiro CHUDA ◽

Hiroshi ONO ◽

Hiroshi YADA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Storage ◽

Term Storage

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Effects of preconditioning on carbohydrate and amino acid composition of osmotically stressed black spruce (Piceamariana) cuttings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-015 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 108-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. J. Zwiazek ◽

T. J. Blake

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Solution Culture ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Carbohydrate Levels ◽

Osmotic Potentials

The effects of preconditioning on osmotic potentials and the composition of soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids were studied in ramets of black spruce (Piceamariana Mill. B.S.P.). Plants were grown in solution culture and preconditioned by exposure to increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol, and their osmotic potentials and composition of free amino acids and soluble carbohydrates were determined. Preconditioning increased levels of soluble carbohydrates compared with unconditioned plants. When the preconditioned and unconditioned plants were subjected to a subsequent, more severe osmotic stress with polyethylene glycol, high levels of monosaccharides and certain amino acids were observed in both preconditioned and unconditioned plants. During stress, preconditioned plants had lower (more negative) osmotic potentials and contained slightly higher levels of amino acids, but carbohydrate levels did not significantly differ from unconditioned plants. The increase in free amino acids and carbohydrates was insufficient to explain the drop in osmotic potentials resulting from preconditioning treatment.

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Foliar Urea Application in the Fall Affects Both Nitrogen and Carbon Storage in Young `Concord' Grapevines Grown under a Wide Range of Nitrogen Supply

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.129.5.0653 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 129 (5) ◽

pp. 653-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Guohai Xia ◽

Lailiang Cheng

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽

N Concentration ◽

Wide Range ◽

Foliar Urea

One-year-old `Concord' grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey) were fertigated with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm N in a modified Hoagland's solution for 8 weeks during summer. Half of the vines fertigated at each N concentration were sprayed with 3% foliar urea twice in late September while the rest served as controls. Four vines from each treatment combination were destructively sampled during dormancy to determine the levels and forms of N and carbohydrates. Nitrogen fertigation during the summer did not significantly alter vine N concentration whereas foliar urea application in the fall significantly increased vine N concentration. In response to foliar urea application, concentrations of both free amino acid-N and protein-N increased, but the ratio of protein-N to free amino acid-N decreased. Arginine was the most abundant amino acid in free amino acids and proteins, and its concentration was linearly correlated with vine N concentration. Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) decreased slightly in response to N supply from fertigation. Foliar urea application in the fall significantly decreased TNC concentration at each N fertigation level. Starch, glucose, and fructose decreased in response to foliar urea applications, but sucrose concentration remained unaffected. Approximately 60% of the carbon decrease in TNC caused by foliar urea application was recovered in proteins and free amino acids. We conclude that free amino acids account for a larger proportion of the N in vines sprayed with foliar urea compared with the unsprayed vines, but proteins remain as the main form of N storage. In response to foliar urea application, part of the carbon from TNC is incorporated into proteins and free amino acids, leading to a decrease in the carbon stored in TNC and an increase in the carbon stored in proteins and free amino acids.

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Effect of exercise on amino acid concentrations in skeletal muscle and plasma

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.160.1.149 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 160 (1) ◽

pp. 149-165

Author(s):

J. Henriksson

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Prolonged Exercise ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Current Data ◽

Short Term ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Amino Acid Concentrations

Protein is not normally an important energy fuel for exercising muscle. In spite of this, there is a significant increase in the rate of amino acid catabolism during exercise. This is secondary to the exercise-induced increase in several metabolic processes, such as hepatic gluconeogenesis and the citric acid cycle, where amino acid carbon is utilized. The suppression of protein synthesis during an exercise bout leaves amino acids available for catabolism. There is some evidence that basal amino acid concentrations in plasma and muscle may be higher in trained than in untrained individuals. In the rat, the concentration of free amino acids is higher in slow-twitch than in fast-twitch muscles. With short-term exercise, the transamination of glutamate by alanine aminotransferase leads to increased levels of alanine in muscle and plasma, and an increased release of alanine from the muscle. At the same time, the muscle and plasma glutamate concentrations are markedly decreased. The plasma glutamine level is elevated with short-term exercise, but changes in muscle glutamine concentration are more variable. With prolonged exercise, there is a depletion of the plasma amino acid pool, which may be explained by an increased consumption in organs other than muscle. With the exception of alanine, we found, however, that the muscle levels of free amino acids are kept stable throughout a 3.5-h exercise period. There is a significant activation of branched-chain amino acid metabolism with prolonged exercise, and the current data indicate that this is more pronounced in endurance-trained subjects than in untrained controls.

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