Effects of a hypocaloric, low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and body composition in free-living overweight women

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1095-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A Meckling ◽  
Melanie Gauthier ◽  
Rebecca Grubb ◽  
Jennifer Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and biochemical parameters in overweight women. Twenty women completed an 8-week trial that reduced their daily carbohydrate intake from 232 to 71 g (p < 0.05) and reduced energy by 2644 kJ/day (8384 to 5740 kJ, p < 0.001). The average weight loss was 5.0 kg (p < 0.0001), with a net decrease in body mass index of 1.82 kg/m2, a loss of 3.4% body fat (4 kg, p < 0.0001), and a loss of 1.0 kg lean mass (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, oral glucose tolerance, free or total insulin-like growth factor-1, or total IGFBP-3. Systolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 9.0 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) (p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7 mmHg (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol decreased 1.2 mM (p < 0.001), all of which was accounted for by a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) with no change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (baseline, 1.17 mM; week 8, 1.22 mM). Total triacylglycerol decreased 0.6 mM (p < 0.01), and the ratio of triacyl glycerol/HDL also significantly decreased (baseline, 1.40; week 8, 0.87; p < 0.001). Serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations rose significantly by week 2 and declined thereafter but remained significantly higher than baseline values for the duration of the intervention. Therefore, carbohydrate restriction to 70 g or less with concomitant energy restriction, without changes in protein or fat consumption, promotes weight loss, and improvements in body composition, blood pressure, and blood lipids without compromising glucose tolerance in moderately overweight women.Key words: obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, insulin resistance, triglycerides.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of an 8-Week, Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Intervention on Obese Subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunjuan Gu ◽  
Haoyong Yu ◽  
Yuehua Li ◽  
Xiaojing Ma ◽  
Junxi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Obese Subjects

Aim. To investigate the effects of weight loss during an 8-week very low carbohydrate diet (VLCD) on improvement of metabolic parameters, adipose distribution and body composition, and insulin resistance and sensitivity in Chinese obese subjects.Methods. Fifty-three healthy obese volunteers were given an 8-week VLCD. The outcomes were changes in anthropometry, body composition, metabolic profile, abdominal fat distribution, liver fat percent (LFP), and insulin resistance and sensitivity.Results. A total of 46 (86.8%) obese subjects completed the study. The VLCD caused a weight loss of−8.7±0.6 kg (mean ± standard error (SE),P<0.0001) combined with a significant improvement of metabolic profile. In both male and female, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) significantly decreased (−166.2±47.6 μmol/L,P=0.001) andβ-hydroxybutyric acid (BHA) increased (0.15±0.06 mmol/L,P=0.004) after eight weeks of VLCD intervention. The significant reductions in subcutaneous fat area (SFA), visceral fat area (VFA), and LFP were−66.5±7.9 cm2,−35.3±3.9 cm2, and−16.4±2.4%, respectively (allPvaluesP<0.0001). HOMA IR and HOMAβsignificantly decreased while whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) increased (allPvaluesP<0.001).Conclusion. Eight weeks of VLCD was an effective intervention in obese subjects. These beneficial effects may be associated with enhanced hepatic and whole-body lipolysis and oxidation.

scholarly journals Alternate Day Fasting Combined with a Low Carbohydrate Diet: Effect on Sleep Quality, Duration, Insomnia Severity and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults with Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Faiza Kalam ◽  
Kelsey Gabel ◽  
Sofia Cienfuegos ◽  
Mark Ezpeleta ◽  
Eric Wiseman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Insomnia Severity

Background: Alternate day fasting combined with a low carbohydrate diet (ADF-LC) is an effective weight loss regimen. Whether the weight loss induced by ADF-LC can improve sleep, remains unknown. Objective: This study examined the effect an ADF-LC diet on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast day”; ad libitum intake “feast day”) with a low-carbohydrate diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3-month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. Results: Reductions in body weight (−5 ± 1 kg, p < 0.001) and fat mass (−4 ± 1 kg, p < 0.01) were noted during the weight loss period, and these reductions were sustained during the weight maintenance period. Lean mass and visceral fat remained unchanged. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score indicated poor sleep quality at baseline (6.4 ± 0.7) with no change by month 3 or 6, versus baseline. ISI score indicated subthreshold insomnia at baseline (8.5 ± 1.0), with no change by month 3 or 6, versus baseline. The percent of subjects with high risk of obstructive sleep apnea at baseline was 45%, with no change by month 3 or 6. Wake time, bedtime, and sleep duration remained unchanged. Conclusion: The ADF-LC diet does not impact sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity or the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.

scholarly journals Differential effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and low-carbohydrate diet on body composition and metabolic profile in obese diabetic db/db mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001303
Author(s):  
Toru Kusakabe ◽  
Shigefumi Yokota ◽  
Mika Shimizu ◽  
Takayuki Inoue ◽  
Masashi Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

IntroductionTreatment using sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for obesity and type 2 diabetes are similar in terms of carbohydrate limitation. However, their mechanisms of action differ, and the effects on the body remain unclear. We investigated the effects of SGLT2 inhibitor and LCD on body composition and metabolic profile using the db/db mouse model for obesity and type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsEight-week-old male db/db mice were divided into four groups: mice receiving normal diet and vehicle or canagliflozin (Cana) administration and mice receiving LCD and vehicle or Cana administration for 8 weeks. Consumed calories were adjusted to be equal among the groups.ResultsBoth Cana administration and LCD feeding resulted in significant weight gain. Cana administration significantly decreased plasma glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels with preservation of pancreatic β cells. However, LCD feeding did not improve plasma glucose levels but deteriorated insulin sensitivity. LCD feeding significantly reduced liver weight and hepatic triglyceride content; these effects were not observed with Cana administration. Combined treatment with LCD did not lead to an additive increase in blood β-ketone levels.ConclusionsSGLT2 inhibitors and LCD exert differential effects on the body. Their combined use may achieve better metabolic improvements in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial

BMJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. k4583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara B Ebbeling ◽  
Henry A Feldman ◽  
Gloria L Klein ◽  
Julia M W Wong ◽  
Lisa Bielak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Treat Analysis

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effects of diets varying in carbohydrate to fat ratio on total energy expenditure.DesignRandomized trial.SettingMulticenter collaboration at US two sites, August 2014 to May 2017.Participants164 adults aged 18-65 years with a body mass index of 25 or more.InterventionsAfter 12% (within 2%) weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomly assigned to one of three test diets according to carbohydrate content (high, 60%, n=54; moderate, 40%, n=53; or low, 20%, n=57) for 20 weeks. Test diets were controlled for protein and were energy adjusted to maintain weight loss within 2 kg. To test for effect modification predicted by the carbohydrate-insulin model, the sample was divided into thirds of pre-weight loss insulin secretion (insulin concentration 30 minutes after oral glucose).Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was total energy expenditure, measured with doubly labeled water, by intention-to-treat analysis. Per protocol analysis included participants who maintained target weight loss, potentially providing a more precise effect estimate. Secondary outcomes were resting energy expenditure, measures of physical activity, and levels of the metabolic hormones leptin and ghrelin.ResultsTotal energy expenditure differed by diet in the intention-to-treat analysis (n=162, P=0.002), with a linear trend of 52 kcal/d (95% confidence interval 23 to 82) for every 10% decrease in the contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake (1 kcal=4.18 kJ=0.00418 MJ). Change in total energy expenditure was 91 kcal/d (95% confidence interval −29 to 210) greater in participants assigned to the moderate carbohydrate diet and 209 kcal/d (91 to 326) greater in those assigned to the low carbohydrate diet compared with the high carbohydrate diet. In the per protocol analysis (n=120, P<0.001), the respective differences were 131 kcal/d (−6 to 267) and 278 kcal/d (144 to 411). Among participants in the highest third of pre-weight loss insulin secretion, the difference between the low and high carbohydrate diet was 308 kcal/d in the intention-to-treat analysis and 478 kcal/d in the per protocol analysis (P<0.004). Ghrelin was significantly lower in participants assigned to the low carbohydrate diet compared with those assigned to the high carbohydrate diet (both analyses). Leptin was also significantly lower in participants assigned to the low carbohydrate diet (per protocol).ConclusionsConsistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model, lowering dietary carbohydrate increased energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance. This metabolic effect may improve the success of obesity treatment, especially among those with high insulin secretion.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT02068885.

scholarly journals Alternate Day Fasting Combined with a High Protein/low Carbohydrate Diet: Effect on Body Weight and Metabolic Disease Risk Factors in Obese Adults (P21-018-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiza Kalam ◽  
Kelsey Gabel ◽  
Eric Wiseman ◽  
Krista Varady
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Alternate Day Fasting

Abstract Objectives This pilot study is the first to examine the impact of alternate day fasting (ADF) combined with a high protein/low carbohydrate diet on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults. Methods Obese adults (n = 10) followed an ADF diet (600 kcal fast day alternated with an ad libitum feast day; 35% protein, 22% carbohydrate, 43% fat) for 6 months. Meal replacements were consumed on the fast and feast days, in addition to regular foods, to help attain macronutrient targets. Results Body weight decreased (P < 0.001) by 8.4 ± 1.7 kg (8.6 ± 1.7%) after 6 months. Fat mass and visceral fat mass were reduced (P < 0.05) by 6.4 ± 1.6 kg and 0.2 ± 0.1 kg, respectively. Lean mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 1.3 ± 0.6 kg. Systolic blood pressure was reduced (P < 0.05) by 10 ± 3 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure was reduced (P < 0.05) by 6 ± 3 mm Hg. Fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and HbA1c remained unchanged after 6 months of diet. LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased (P < 0.001) by10 ± 4% and 15 ± 8%, respectively, after 6 months. HDL cholesterol levels decreased by 6 ± 3% from baseline to post-treatment. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that ADF combined with a high protein/low carbohydrate diet is effective for lowering body weight, visceral fat mass, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, this diet has no effect on glucoregulatory factors. While these preliminary findings are promising, they still require confirmation by a larger-scale clinical trial. Funding Sources Nestle Health Sciences Grant.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document