Cellular responses to moderate and heavy exercise

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L Nehlsen-Cannarella
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Immune Defenses ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Tract Infections

Moderate and heavy exercise induce a multitude of changes in the neuroendocrine immune system, the net effects of which depend on various other factors including the host's physical condition, and the intensity and duration of the exercise bout. Most investigators report that the risk of upper respiratory infection is increased following heavy exertion, but is decreased after moderate exercise. Many heavy exercise-induced changes in the host's immune defenses are consistent with the alterations reported in classical stress studies; some consensus has been achieved in this area that heavy exertion may indeed elicit responses common to psychological forms of stress. The immunomodulation consists, most notably, of shifts in the number and function of circulating innate and adaptive immune cell populations apparently in response to the release of classical stress hormones and cytokines, and expression of selectin and adhesin molecules. Rapid trafficking of cells in and out of the blood compartment in response to exertion probably mirrors the demand for certain cell types in specific tissues, a hypothesis requiring verification in animal models and ultimately the human. Also needed are studies correlating the functional status of the circulating cells with those in the tissues.Key words: neuroendocrine immune system, exercise-induced stress, upper respiratory tract infections, immunomodulation, immune defenses.

Physical Activity, Exercise, and the Immune System: Three Lines of Research That Have Driven the Field

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Woods ◽  
Brandt D. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Immunology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise immunology is a relatively new discipline in the exercise sciences that seeks to understand how exercise affects the immune system and susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseases. This brief review will focus on three major observations that have driven the field to date including: (1) acute exercise-induced leukocytosis, (2) the observation that intense, prolonged exercise results in upper respiratory tract symptoms, and (3) the paradoxical effect of acute and chronic exercise on inflammation. This framework will be used to examine the mechanisms and implications behind these seminal observations. Data generally support the conclusion that moderate intensity exercise enhances immune function, whereas prolonged, intense exercise diminishes immune function.

scholarly journals Probiotics Effect on the Immune System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cho Kin Ng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Probiotics can provide health benefits to an individual by regulation of the immune system. Many clinical trials have found that probiotics can prevent upper respiratory tracts infections. Aim: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of available trials to investigate the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in individuals of all ages. Conclusion: Probiotics were found to be better in reducing the number of participants who experienced acute URTI, the average duration per episode of acute URTI, use of antibiotics in URTI related cases and absence due to URTI. Side effects were found to be minor, making probiotics a good candidate for clinical use. This shows that probiotics are effective in preventing acute URTIs. However, due to limited studies and small sample size, the results are subjected to bias and should be interpreted with care.

scholarly journals Whole Cell Euglena Gracilis Supplementation Reduces Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Healthy Adults (P19-009-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janaki Iyer ◽  
Paul Falcone ◽  
Kelli Herrlinger ◽  
Joanne Lasrado ◽  
Emily Pankow Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Illness Severity ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Objectives Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) cause cold and flu-like symptoms, with roughly 70% of the general population experiencing at least one episode annually. The resultant lost productivity has a drastic impact with an estimated 40 M work or school days missed each year, translating to over $40B USD in lost potential. Certain populations, such as athletes and stressed workers are at an increased risk of URTIs. While diet, sleep, low stress and exercise are all important for a healthy functioning immune system, supplementation with natural ingredients could provide additional support. Euglena gracilis is a nutrient-rich natural microalgae (commonly consumed in Japan), containing immunomodulating beta 1,3-glucans, protein, some essential vitamins, and minerals. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study aimed at investigating the immunomodulating effects of a patented whole cell algae fermentate (WCF) in healthy active adults. Methods Thirty-four, healthy, active (1.5–3 hours/day of an aerobic sport, 5–6 days/week) participants were randomized to either WCF or placebo for 90 days. URTI symptoms were assessed Day (D) 1 to 90 using the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey. Data are shown for the a priori defined per protocol population (n = 27). Results Participants supplemented with WCF reported a lower number of URTI symptoms from D1 to 30 (P = 0.042) and from D1 to 90 (P = 0.029), lower mean number of sick days between D1 and 30 (P = 0.047) and D1 and 90 (P = 0.041), lower mean number of URTI episodes per person (P = 0.032), and lower mean number of days with at least 1 reported URTI symptom per person (P = 0.019) between D1 and 90 compared to taking placebo. Evaluation of global illness severity found that the mean total AUC for daily symptoms was significantly lower in the WCF group compared to placebo at D1 to D30 (P = 0.043) and D1 to D90 (P = 0.049). Conclusions Supplementation with WCF positively influences the immune system by reducing URTI incidence, duration, and severity in healthy adults. It is noteworthy that in the absence of the intervention, active young adults reported more URTI episodes, sick days, and global illness severity, respectively. These data suggest the ability of WCF supplementation to strengthen the immune response as evidenced by reduced cold and flu symptoms. Funding Sources Kemin Foods L.C.

Illnesses during 11 international athletics championships between 2009 and 2017: incidence, characteristics and sex-specific and discipline-specific differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (18) ◽  
pp. 1174-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Edouard ◽  
Astrid Junge ◽  
Marine Sorg ◽  
Toomas Timpka ◽  
Pedro Branco
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Tract Infections

BackgroundIllnesses impair athletes’ participation and performance. The epidemiology of illness in athletics is limited.ObjectiveTo describe the occurrence and characteristics of illnesses during international athletics championships (indoor and outdoor), and to analyse differences with regards to athletes’ sex and participation in explosive and endurance disciplines.MethodsDuring 11 international championships held between 2009 and 2017, physicians from both national medical teams and the local organising committees reported daily on all athlete illnesses using a standardised report form. Illness frequencies, incidence proportions (IPs) and rates (IRs), and relative risks (RR) with 95% CIs were calculated.ResultsDuring the 59 days of the 11 athletics championships, 546 illnesses were recorded in the 12 594 registered athletes equivalent to IP of 43.4 illnesses per 1000 registered athletes (95% CI 39.8 to 46.9) or IR of 1.2 per 1000 registered athlete days (95% CI 1.1 to 1.2). The most frequently reported illnesses were upper respiratory tract infections (18.7%), exercise-induced fatigue/hypotension/collapse (15.4%) and gastroenteritis (13.2%). No myocardial infarction was recorded. A total of 28.8% of illnesses were expected to lead to time loss from sport. The illness IP was similar in male and female athletes, with few differences in illness characteristics. During outdoor championships, the illness IP was higher in endurance than explosive disciplines (RR=1.87; 95% CI 1.58 to 2.23), with a considerably higher IP of exercise-induced illness in endurance disciplines, but a similar upper respiratory tract infection IP in both discipline groups.ConclusionsIllness prevention strategies during international athletics championships should be focused on the most frequent diagnoses in each discipline group.

scholarly journals Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Sport and the Immune System Response. A Review

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Antonio Cicchella ◽  
Claudio Stefanelli ◽  
Marika Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
System Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Heavy Training

Immunity is the consequence of a complex interaction between organs and the environment. It is mediated the interaction of several genes, receptors, molecules, hormones, cytokines, antibodies, antigens, and inflammatory mediators which in turn relate and influence the psychological health. The immune system response of heavily trained athletes resembles an even more complex conditions being theorized to follow a J or S shape dynamics at times. High training loads modify the immune response elevating the biological markers of immunity and the body susceptibility to infections. Heavy training and/or training in a cold environment increase the athletes’ risk to develop Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs). Therefore, athletes, who are considered healthier than the normal population, are in fact more prone to infections of the respiratory tract, due to lowering of the immune system in the time frames subsequent heavy training sessions. In this revision we will review the behavioral intervention, including nutritional approaches, useful to minimize the “open window” effect on infection and how to cope with stressors and boost the immune system in athletes.

Recurrent Infections

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 180-182
Author(s):  
Richard Hong
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Recurrent Infections ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Recurrent infections constitute a major challenge to primary care physicians. Primary immunodeficiency or other alterations of the host defense system are extremely rare. In the case of recurrent respiratory infections, particularly of the lungs, a diagnosis will result much more often from ordering a sweat chloride test than a serum immunoglobulin level. RECURRENT RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS The major reason for referral to our clinic for investigation of the immune system is a complaint of too many upper respiratory tract infections. Each respiratory infection in a young child means loss of sleep for child and parents, expenditure of time at the physician's office, and possible loss of income in addition to the expense of medication and office visits. The child is often irritable and his or her misery clouds the home atmosphere. With repeated episodes of this sort each year, it is small wonder that parents want relief. The average number of upper respiratory tract infections experienced by healthy children is approximately 9 to 10 per year. At least 100 viruses can cause the common cold. Accordingly, even when a child has a normal immune system establishing immunity to each virus or virus subtype, it can take many years for a broad enough immunity to develop to diminish the frequency of infection due to newly encountered respiratory viruses.

Habitual cold-water swimming and upper respiratory tract infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
N. Collier ◽  
M. Lomax ◽  
M. Harper ◽  
M. Tipton ◽  
H. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Upper Respiratory

It has long been claimed that non-wetsuit cold water swimming (CWS) benefits health (1), and anecdotally cold-water swimmers claimed to suffer fewer and milder infections, though this was not directly measured. A boost to immunity is biologically plausible: stress hormones are released during cold-water immersion (2), and short-term stress may ready the immune system for injury or infection (3). However, very few studies have investigated immune system markers and/or actual illness in habitual cold-water swimmers.

scholarly journals Probiotics Effect on the Immune System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cho Kin Ng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
System P ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Probiotics can provide health benefits to an individual by regulation of the immune system. Many clinical trials have found that probiotics can prevent upperrespiratory tracts infections.Aim: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of available trials to investigate the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in individuals of all ages.Conclusions: Probiotics were found to be better in reducing the number of participants who experienced acute URTI, the average duration per episode of acute URTI, use of antibiotics in URTI related cases and absence due to URTI. Side effects were found to be minor, making probiotics a good candidate for clinical use. This shows that probiotics are effective in preventing acute URTIs. However, due to limited studies and small sample size, the results are subjected to bias and should be interpreted with care.

scholarly journals Probiotics Effect on the Immune System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cho Kin Ng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background: Probiotics can provide health benefits to an individual by regulation of the immune system. Many clinical trials have found that probiotics can prevent upper respiratory tracts infections.Aim: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of available trials to investigate the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in individuals of all ages.Methods: A database search was carried out with databases ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, Medline and Pubmed. Completed randomised double blind, placebo-controlled trials were selected.Selection criteria: Randomised placebo-controlled trials, with the objective of investigating probiotic effectiveness in preventing URTIs.Results: Five randomised controlled trials were included, as the extracted data could be meta-analysed. This included a total of 785 participants of different age groups, children and adults. It was found that probiotics were better compared to placebo in reducing the number of participants who experienced acute upper respiratory tract infections. Probiotics were found to reduce the mean duration of acute URTI episodes, antibiotic use compared to placebo and URTI or cold related absence. Side effects and adverse effects were found to be minor and not statistically significant.Conclusions: Probiotics were found to be better in reducing the number of participants who experienced acute URTI, the average duration per episode of acute URTI, use of antibiotics in URTI related cases and absence due to URTI. Side effects were found to be minor, making probiotics a good candidate for clinical use. This shows that probiotics are effective in preventing acute URTIs. However, due to limited studies and small sample size, the results are subjected to bias and should be interpreted with care.

scholarly journals Upper respiratory tract infections and the immune system response. A review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO CICCHELLA
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
System Response ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Mediators Of Inflammation ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Purpose: the spreading of the COVID-19 epidemic raised a question on why very well trained, healthy, and young athletes have been infected. In this review, the emerging topic in the field of sport immunology has been studied with the aim to provide advice on how strengthening the immune system (IS) and how to help the recover after heavy effort and prevent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in athletes. Methods: a literature search was performed on available public scientific databases. Results: URTI, a common illness among heavy trained athletes, happens in the time frame of temporary depression of the IS following heavy training or competition. T cells has been identified as the main factor in the immune response to counteract the cascade mediators of inflammation. Life habits, environmental and psycho-social factors such as sleep loss and life stressors are the major causes of IS depression, and it emerge that there is an optimal training load exposure which reinforce the IS, while too low or too much training being detrimental. Conclusions: immunodepression in heavy trained athletes can be counteracted with a proper distribution of training loads, nutritional interventions, correction of lifestyle habits such as sleep hygiene, thermotherapy, and recovery techniques. Psycho-social interventions also seem to have a positive effect on reducing the post exercise inflammation and in boosting the IS response. Novel bioinformatic approaches can help to understand the IS response in athletes and the management of critical situations.

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