Dominance hierarchies and status recognition in the crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gherardi ◽  
William H Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Individual Identity ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
White River ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
Status Recognition ◽  
Procambarus Acutus

In the eastern white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus, the processes that act during hierarchy formation were explored by analyzing the behavior of 23 symmetric pairs of form I males. The experimental design comprised three subsequent phases: isolation, familiarization, and experimental phases. In the latter, pairs were formed of (i) unfamiliar opponents having different status, (ii, iii) unfamiliar opponents having the same status, either two alphas or two betas, and (iv) familiar opponents. The first result was that P. a. acutus is capable of establishing stable dominance hierarchies. Secondly, behavioral differences between the winners and the losers, a fast assessment of status, and self-reinforcing effects of recent experience were demonstrated. Thirdly, P. a. acutus was found to recognize the status of its rival but not its individual identity. In fact, even if paired with unfamiliar opponents, previous winners and losers behaved as in the preceding days. Conversely, both frequency and intensity of fighting increased when individuals of the same rank were opposed. These phenomena might be a consequence of "winning and losing effects". However, the increased readiness of former betas to attack contradicts the loser effect and validates the hypothesis of status recognition.

The establishment and maintenance of dominance hierarchies

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts ◽  
Juanita Pardo-Sanchez ◽  
Chloe Weise
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics ◽  
Self Organizing

Animal groups are often organized hierarchically, with dominant individuals gaining priority access to resources and reproduction over subordinate individuals. Initial dominance hierarchy formation may be influenced by multiple interacting factors, including an animal's individual attributes, conventions and self-organizing social dynamics. After establishment, hierarchies are typically maintained over the long-term because individuals save time, energy and reduce the risk of injury by recognizing and abiding by established dominance relationships. A separate set of behaviours are used to maintain dominance relationships within groups, including behaviours that stabilize ranks (punishment, threats, behavioural asymmetry), as well as signals that provide information about dominance rank (individual identity signals, signals of dominance). In this review, we describe the behaviours used to establish and maintain dominance hierarchies across different taxa and types of societies. We also review opportunities for future research including: testing how self-organizing behavioural dynamics interact with other factors to mediate dominance hierarchy formation, measuring the long-term stability of social hierarchies and the factors that disrupt hierarchy stability, incorporating phenotypic plasticity into our understanding of the behavioural dynamics of hierarchies and considering how cognition coevolves with the behaviours used to establish and maintain hierarchies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

Fair Division or Fair Dinkum? Australian Lessons for Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the United Kingdom

10.1068/c38m ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Gillian Bristow ◽  
Mark McGovern ◽  
David Pickernell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Type System ◽  
Fair Division ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk

Current arguments in Australia concerning horizontal fiscal equalisation may help inform the debate in the United Kingdom concerning possible changes to the Barnett formula and the establishment of financial relations with any regional governments in England. Although Australia is a long-established federation, with mature institutions for managing the financial aspects of intergovernmental relations, the most populous states are now pushing for a per-capita-based system to replace the existing formula—based on needs and costs—overseen by the independent Commonwealth Grants Commission. This has important implications for the United Kingdom, where the Barnett formula—a per capita system for deciding annual changes in the funding for the devolved administrations—has been increasingly challenged. In particular, the Barnett system has been vulnerable to nontransparent ‘formula-bypass’ agreements. We argue that the status quo in the United Kingdom appears secure as long as England remains a single entity and the UK Treasury sees the financial implications of larger per capita expenditure in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland as relatively small. However, we speculate that regionalisation of government in England would be likely to increase the pressure: to abandon the Barnett system; to look more systematically at need and cost, rather than population, as criteria for allocating funds between governments; and to move towards an Australian-type system. However, the recent experience of Australia also shows that larger states prefer a per-capita-based system allied to more political, less transparent, arrangements to deal with ‘special circumstances’. It may be that a Barnett-type formula would suit the new ‘dominant states’ in a fully federalised United Kingdom which would, ironically, create an alliance of interests between Scotland and London.

Cumulative effects of body size and social experience on aggressive behaviour in a subsocial bee

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob R. Withee ◽  
Sandra M. Rehan
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Carpenter Bee ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Ceratina Calcarata

Dominance hierarchies represent some of nature’s most rudimentary social structures, and aggression is key to their establishment in many animal species. Previous studies have focused on the relative influences of prior experience and physiological traits of individuals in determining social rank through aggression. Here we examine the behavioural potential for dominance hierarchy formation in the subsocial small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata. Both physiological traits and social experience were found to play partial roles in predicting future interactive behaviour in this species. Our results suggest that individual size is associated with dominance in initial encounters, while prior experience plays a larger role in predicting dominance in subsequent encounters. Social systems in the early stages of social evolution may well have followed these same predictive factors and these factors are key targets for future studies of social evolution and the behavioural origins of dominance hierarchies.

scholarly journals Reproductive skew, fitness costs, and winner-loser effects in social-dominance evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Leimar ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Winner And Loser Effects ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

Social hierarchies can increase reproductive skew in group-living animals. Using game theory we investigate how the opportunity for differently ranked individuals to acquire resources influences reproductive skew, costs of hierarchy formation, and winner and loser effects. Individuals adjust their aggressive and submissive behaviour through reinforcement learning. The learning is based on perceived rewards and penalties, which depend on relative fighting ability. From individual-based simulations we determine evolutionary equilibria of traits that control an individual's learning. We examine situations that differ in the extent of monopolisation of contested resources by dominants and in the amounts of uncontested resources that are distributed independently of rank. With costly fighting, we find that stable dominance hierarchies form, such that reproductive skew mirrors the distribution of resources over ranks. Individuals pay substantial costs of interacting, in particular in high-skew situations, with the highest costs paid by intermediately ranked individuals. For cases where dominants monopolise contested resources there are notable winner and loser effects, with winner effects for high ranks and very pronounced loser effects for lower ranks. The effects are instead weak when acquired resources increase linearly with rank. We compare our results on contest costs and winner-loser effects with field and experimental observations.

Staying alive: Evolution, culture, and women's intrasexual aggression

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Hierarchy Formation

Females' tendency to place a high value on protecting their own lives enhanced their reproductive success in the environment of evolutionary adaptation because infant survival depended more upon maternal than on paternal care and defence. The evolved mechanism by which the costs of aggression (and other forms of risk taking) are weighted more heavily for females may be a lower threshold for fear in situations which pose a direct threat of bodily injury. Females' concern with personal survival also has implications for sex differences in dominance hierarchies because the risks associated with hierarchy formation in nonbonded exogamous females are not offset by increased reproductive success. Hence among females, disputes do not carry implications for status with them as they do among males, but are chiefly connected with the acquisition and defence of scarce resources. Consequently, female competition is more likely to take the form of indirect aggression or low-level direct combat than among males. Under patriarchy, men have held the power to propagate images and attributions which are favourable to the continuance of their control. Women's aggression has been viewed as a gender-incongruent aberration or dismissed as evidence of irrationality. These cultural interpretations have “enhanced” evolutionarily based sex differences by a process of imposition which stigmatises the expression of aggression by females and causes women to offer exculpatory (rather than justificatory) accounts of their own aggression.

scholarly journals Status recognition for fused deposition modeling manufactured parts based on acoustic emission

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 01005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Li ◽  
Zhonghua Yu ◽  
Xuanwei Shen ◽  
Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ae Signal ◽  
Status Recognition

Fused deposition modelling (FDM), as one technology of additive manufacturing, fabricates parts always with curl and looseness defects which restrict its development to a great extent. In this paper, a method based on acoustic emission (AE) was proposed to recognise the status of the manufactured part in FDM process. Experiments were carried out to acquire the AE signal when the printing part was respectively in normal, looseness and curl state. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) was employed to the process of feature extraction and both the methods of Hidden-semi Markov model (HSMM) and support vector machine(SVM) were applied to recognise the three states of the normal, looseness and curl. The results reveal that the combination of EEMD and HSMM makes it more accurate to recognize these three states.

“As Old as War Itself”? Historicizing the Universal Mercenary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Political Community ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Specificity

Abstract IR scholarship has increasingly begun to scrutinize the ahistorical and ahistoricist assumptions pervading the discipline. Specifically, attention has been turned to those concepts, actors, and practices that appear to be without history and that therefore assumed the status of universals. This article contributes to this scholarship by critically investigating the seemingly transhistorical figure of the mercenary, whose history, it appears, is little less than the history of organized warfare itself. This article questions this assumption by investigating how the Renaissance Landsknechte, actors invoked to support the transhistorical mercenary claim, were problematized within their own historical specificity. Through this analysis, this article rejects the notion that the mercenary is a transhistorical phenomenon as the ideas and categories associated with this figure are tied to specific modern accounts of statist political community and individual identity, as well as a modern account of self-interest. It is argued that the mercenary is not a phenomenon that predates the emergence of the modern state and the system of states, but its own existence is grounded within them. This article, thus, reinstates the historicity of this figure and argues that the mercenary is not “as old as war itself” but a product of specific modern conditions.

scholarly journals Elevated aggression is associated with uncertainty in a network of dog dominance interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1906) ◽  
pp. 20190536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Silk ◽  
Michael A. Cant ◽  
Simona Cafazzo ◽  
Eugenia Natoli ◽  
Robbie A. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Dominance Interactions ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Animal Societies

Dominance hierarchies are widespread in animal societies and reduce the costs of within-group conflict over resources and reproduction. Variation in stability across a social hierarchy may result in asymmetries in the benefits obtained from hierarchy formation. However, variation in the stability and behavioural costs of dominance interactions with rank remain poorly understood. Previous theoretical models have predicted that the intensity of dominance interactions and aggression should increase with rank, but these models typically assume high reproductive skew, and so their generality remains untested. Here we show in a pack of free-living dogs with a sex–age-graded hierarchy that the central region of the hierarchy was dominated by more unstable social relationships and associated with elevated aggression. Our results reveal unavoidable costs of ascending a dominance hierarchy, run contrary to theoretical predictions for the relationship between aggression and social rank in high-skew societies, and widen our understanding of how heterogeneous benefits of hierarchy formation arise in animal societies.

Russia as a great power: Status inconsistency and the two Chechen wars

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Smith
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Status Inconsistency ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Recognition ◽  
Chechen Wars ◽  
International Status ◽  
The Eu

The article examines Russia as a great power from the point of view of status inconsistency theory. Applications of the theory to Russia have focused on the status accorded to Russia in diplomatic representation and membership of key international organizations, which suggests that Russia is a ‘status overachiever’ in that it has an international status that is greater than its actual capabilities would warrant. However, this article focuses on Russian perceptions of the country’s status internationally, especially as reflected in the actual experience of membership in international organizations (OSCE, Council of Europe) and relations with the EU in the context of the two Chechen wars. The article demonstrates that, at least according to Russian assessments, Russia is accorded lower status in these organizations than the great power status which most Russians believe should be theirs. While concluding that status inconsistency is a useful tool for explaining Russian foreign policy behavior, the article notes that differing assessments of what Russia’s level of status recognition is pose challenges for status inconsistency theory.

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